p.

soul

1

"The first soul stays ... in the whole skeleton, ... and is believed to appear in the form of a skeleton. After death this soul ... leaves the body and stays in the grave or around the dead corpse to protect it.

The second soul can leave the body in the form of a wasp or bee through the nose or mouth. ... When one is frightened, or chuckles or sneezes, this soul drops out of the body and is chased by evil spirits."

2, fn. 5

"If somebody is ill, it is because his soul (su:r su:lde) left his body ... . If a child is frightened his soul escapes. You have to put your hat on your head[,] turn around and call the soul".

1, fn. 3

"the soul (su:nesu:n) resides in a different part of the body on each of the 30 days of the month".

2

"The third soul is imagined as a human figure. [At] death, ... it becomes an evil spirit that haunts around the settlement."

2, fn. 5

"The soul of men (su:nesu:n) after death ... walks in the house and his footsteps can be traced in ash thrown on the floor."

21

the su:nesu:n of the dead : "If the soul walks on ash, it leaves traces. People see the soul as a shade."

p.

soul

4

"su:ld is a protector and su:ns is the soul".

29

[Zahc^in] "The su:lde is a protector. The su:ns leaves the body when someone dies. ... One has five cul-s and five su:lde-s – the five cul-s have five su:lde-s."

p.

ritualism

8

qualities

are inhaerent in __

long life

arrow

soul

turquoise

"revolving five elements"

5 colors

9

[Buriat] surrogate born same year as patient is ritual recipient on behalf of patient : "The patient is given pastry to eat and his dresses are weighed. If it grew heavier, the soul has arrived ... . When the soul arrives the patient gets well."

10

[Buriat] "A red silk rope is led from the patient to a birch tree set up outside the yurt. The soul of the patient is supposed to come back along this rope ... . Outside the yurt a man holds a horse, as ... this animal perceives first the arrival of the soul and quivers."

11

[Buriat] "A special arrow (dalangajin nomo) is stuck into this bucket [of "riches" (containing silver)]. ...

12

A long, red ribbon with a copper button at the end is fastened to this arrow. Then the ribbon is ... tied to a branch of birch tree that had been stuck there [outside the yurt] into the earth. The red ribbon serves as the path of the soul. ... A man is sitting near the tree branch and keeps the ... horse of the patient. ... the horse feels the presence of the returned soul and begins to tremble and neigh."

p.

ritualism

13

[Jarud banner of eastern Mongolia] "Calling the soul with the breast" [teat] ritual "was performed by the mother to call back the soul of her dead son" : "a kind of dalalga ritual with the mother-breast instead of the usual arrow."

[H^orc^in] "when a child dies the mother examines the ash around the fireplace, as it is supposed that the soul leaves through it."

15

[Jarut] For the newly dead, "The lamas called his soul every day for 49 days. They also consulted the book "Altan saba" to get information where he was reborn."

16

[Jarut] The way for the soul of the dead to be reborn "is the white road." The "way to rebirth" is through "crossing the water" and "climbing the mountain pass."

17

among the bent trees, ... your soul was strangled".

20

[Ordos] "This death ritual is performed by a lama who ties the one end of a string to the hand of the patient, the other one to the reins of his own horse."

p.

ritualism

23

in calling the soul of a person who is lost, "When calling the soul they read out a book and hit the yurt with that book."

24

[Zahc^in] calling the soul of a sick child "with the wing of a dead bird" :

25

that "bright red thing" (wing?) "pointing towards" the child.

27

[Torgut] calling the soul of a sick man : "The soul is called three times by name. Taking the hat into hand they go around the yurt three times. ... His hat is also placed under his pillow and he sleeps on it. And, the man who calls the soul takes away a small axe placed next to the patient."

28

[Zahc^in] calling the soul of the sick : "Some of them wrote the name of the patient on a piece of bark ... placed on top of water in a pot."

33

"a vulture feather ... should be ... stuck into a measure of barley". {cf. Daoist caerimonial sticking of ritual implements into peck-measure of grain}

36

"Take a bucket of grain and put into it an arrow decorated with vulture feather as a seal. ... a mirror that is placed on the left shoulder of the patient."

37

"Tie a three foot-long red rope to the two horns of a sheep that has a white spot on its head".

[Buriat] "Seal the bucket of grain with a vulture feathered arrow. ... And also, tie an arrow with the feather of a great eagle to the horns of a white-headed sheep with a three foot long red rope ... . Tie the mirror ... to the right shoulder of a male and to the left shoulder of a female patient."

38

[Buriat] "Call it [the soul] from the four directions thrice thrice in the notches of an arrow".

39

[Buriat] "Put 9 lamps into 9 pots of water."

p. 35, fn. 51

"It is forbidden to kill or beat a dog. ... It is the riding animal of Mahakala. ... When a dog dies a piece of butter is put into its mouth and buried with the benediction "be born for human in the next life"."

p. 35, fn. 52

"When Mongols dig a well they do it with the teeth/tooth of a hog not to hurt the Dragon spirit(s) (luu). The teeth of a pig are worn around the neck of a child to protect him against evil spirits."

p.

implement

40

"Divination arrow are employed in longevity rituals of deities such as Gesar ... . Many Tibetan deities of non-Buddhist origin, many of whom are said to have been subjugated by Padmasambhava, carry it."

42

The patient eateth the meat of the sheep’s "foreleg called "soul-leg"."

"the Nanai term for mirror pan~aptu comes from the word pan~a "soul, spirit"."

43

"The mirror is also an attribute of Erlig Khan, the ruler of the underworld. He can see in it the previous deeds of the departed." {Erlig H^an = Dharma-t.hakura, owner of mirror wherein deeds of the dead (performed while living) are seen.}

44

" "a white skin shall be spread out. If it is not spread out, sickness in the progeny will not be broken off." ... The new bride should step on it ["white carpet"] when arriving at the new home."

p.

captors

description of captors

Bodish

56

Gandi

guardian of treasures, one of the ed sakiGc^in (p. 56, fn. 18), who are 8 (p. 174) = the nor-skyon

57

erlig-s

yama-s (p. 177)

28 nags^adar

naks.atra-s

Murj^i H^an

the mu-bdud

"in heaven" (p. 205)

the albin

goblins

the bcan, having 21 princes (p. 164) {successive rulers of ks.atriya-s destroyed by Paras`u-rama}

the s^imnus

mara-s (p. 214)

the bdud (p. 214)

em-e (p. 176)

"females"

mN~am

mchams-bdud ?

dakini-s

d.akin.i-s

Teyiren

"one-armed and one-legged with female breasts." ["It makes goods and food vanish and helps thieves and robbers." (pp. 216-7)] ["He is described ... with one eye, one ear, one hand, one foot. {cf. Aja Eka-pad} He hides on back side of the door" (p. 217). {cf. Lydian dynastic legend mentioned by Herodotos}]

The>u-ran (p. 216) ["He also makes ash-coloured children appear in one’s dream." (p. 217)]

Gonbo

>Gon-po (p. 180)

Egu:les-u:n ada

"evil spirit of clouds" (p. 174)

sPrin-gn~an ? (one of the dregs-pa)

U:c^u:ken Eliy-e

"small hawk"

the c^idku:r

devils

>dre (p. 169, fn. 65)

58

the butinar

bhuta-s

>byun-po (p. 58, fn. 33)

p.

59

Man.i-bhadra [yellow, riding blue horse (p. 205)] is invoked {this is god of travelers, to assist the return trip of the soul}

60

ransom is paid to erlig Nom-un H^an

64

"narrow mountain passage of the Erlig"

pp. 60-63

(Sazykin 1272 = C 143, which is Buriat, p. 32)

pp. 77-79

(Sazykin 1274 = C 145, which is Buriat, p. 32 : "This is the soul-beckoning ritual carried out by Saint padmasambhava when Cakravartin Khan has fallen ill." )

p.

fear of __

p.

fear of __

60

gods, dragons, planets

77

one’s own transgressions

61

mound, steep ravine

78

mountains, steep ravines

62

Winged Garud.a

"the Flat-winged Bird"

bad illness, ulcer, tumor

79

bad disease

p.

117

"Sparkling Light of Ud.d.iyana" encircled by "majestic" d.akin.i-s

118

"Mother with the Voice of a Dead [?] Conch"

bla-ma d.akin.i from "Palace of Poisonous, Powerful Tantra" of Z`an-z`un

Mother d.akin.i of manGus [raks.asa (p. 204)]

"Palace of the red Jisum-a [?] White Rock"

"Palace of Gc^i isum-a [?] Red Rock."

120

"red wind of the Erlig"

"deserted way of the Erlig"

"skeleton-white passage"

122

"The great ocean called Chinggis is flowing with blood"

The other five receive you from the front side".

123

Your flesh and bones will be separated."

125

"The evils of the male devil push you into the darkness and weigh you on their scales. They separate your flesh and bones and piercing through your skin, take off your flesh".

128

"We call the soul of man from the hands of the female evil spirit Isma of C^angzhung Isma of the red rock".

129

"red wind of the Erligs"

"deadly path of the Erligs"

"skeleton-white narrow yurt."

p.

harmers

their number

160

gdon

4, 15, or 18

161

"

424 or else 1 laks.a

group

in __ kinds

each comprising __

amounting to __

u:ndu:su:n

21

50

1080

of these

404 cause disease

p.

name

meaning

Bodish

206

Mec^id

Monkey

sMin-drug

Qabar

Nose

sNar-ma

Terigu:n / ToloGai

Head

mGo

Gar

Arm

Lag

Eki IlaGuGsan

1^st Victorious

Nabs-so

AdaG IlaGuGsan

Last Victorious

rGyal

Engeske

Rouge

sKag

QosiGun

Beak

mC^hu

BaG-a Su:ke

Small Axe

Gre

Kegu:rj^igen-e

Pigeon

dBo>

Qarc^aGai / Do:rben Gal

Falcon / 4 Fires

Me bZ^i

Qar-a

Black

Nag-pa

Eki OGtarGui / Gaj^ar J^iruqai

Beginning of Sky / Land-Picture

Sa-ri

AdaG OGtarGui

End of Sky

Sa-ga

J^absar

Interval

lHa mChams

Tosun

Butter

snRubs

Eki Usun / Degedu: Usun

Source of River / Upper Water

C^hu sTod

AdaG Usun / Dooradu Usun

Mouth of River / Lower Water

C^u sMad

BuGudai C^ilen

Wheat-like

Gro-bz^in

QuluGuna C^ilen

Rat-like

Byi bz^in

Sim

Essence

Mon-gre

SibaGun-u Segu:l

Tail of Bird

Mon-gru

Eki QutuG

1^st Blessing

Khrums sTod

207

AdaG QutuG

Last Blessing

Khrums sMad

C^aGun OnGoc^a

Ship of Time

Nam-gru

Beriy-e

Stick

Tha-skar

TulG-a

Kettle-support

Bra-n~e