6.

The 8 Immortals from a New Spirit–Written Scripture

Philip Clart

84-106

p. 84

He Xiangu ..., Lan Caihe ..., Cao Guoju ..., and Han Xiangzi ... . ...

Probably the earliest appearance of a Baxian group is found in a wall painting of a Jin dynasty tomb (Taihe ... period, 1201-1209) ... ."

p. 85

"The Ming period also saw the first full narrative development of the Eight Immortals complex in the form of a novel, the Dongyou ji ... ("Journey to the East") by Wu Yuantai ... . Much of the later Eight Immortals lore is linked with this important text, including the famous story of their crossing the ocean (Baxian guohai ...)".

p. 84, fn. 2

"For the development of the Baxian motif in Yuan period pictorial art, see Anning Jing, "The Eight Immortals ... during the Yu:an Dynasty". In :- Arts of the Sung and Yu:an, ed. Maxwell K. Hearn & Judith G. Smith (New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996), pp. 213-229."

p. 85, fn. 7

"The story of the Baxian’s crossing of the ocean appears first in the Yuan drama "Zheng yuban Baxian guo canghai" ... ("Struggling over jade clappers, the eight Immortals cross the vast ocean"). On this play see Chen Lingling, "Baxian zai Yuan-Ming zaju ..." [M.A. thesis, Wenhua Xueyuan, 1978], pp. 35-36."

p. 86

"In Taiwan, we encounter ... temples to this deity ...,

p. 87

the most famous being the Zhinan Gong ... in the Muzha ... district of Taipei."

p. 87, fn. 14

"On the Zhinan Gong, see Paul R. katz, "The Wayward Phoenix? The early History of the Place of Guidance (Chih-nan Kung)", in Yishi, miaohui yu shequ ..., ed. Chu Ron-guey .. and Li Feng-mao ... (Taipei : Institute of Literature and Philosophy, 1996), pp. 197-228."

"Lu: Dongbin from tales implicating him in sexual adventures such as the famous episode of White Peony (Bai Mudan ... )."

"Non-Ultimate’s Court of Chan Transformation, Southern Heaven’s Hall of Origin in Emptiness (Wuji Chanhua Yuan, Nantian Xuyuan Tang ...) ... came into being in 1996 as an offshoot of another Taichung phoenix hall, ... Hall of Enlightened Orthodoxy (... Mingzheng Tang). ... The Mingzheng Tang itself had come into being in 1976 as an offshoot of another Taichung phoenix hall, the Hall of Sages and Worthies (Shengxian Tang ...)".

p. 91

"The key activity of any phoenix hall is spirit-writing {commonly called "automatic writing"}, i.e., the recording of texts authored by the cult group’s gods through the services of a human medium wielding ... a wooden, Y-shaped "planchette" (mubi ..., taobi ...) on the sand-covered surface of a tray."

p. 95

"Every planchette medium honours a particular deity as his or her "immortal teacher" (xianshi ...). It is this deity that guides the candidate through the training that qualifies him or her as medium."

7.

The Way of the Locust Tree Studio : Religious Liu-men Movement

Volker Olles

107-17

Liu Yuan was born in the 33^rd year of the Qianlong ... era (1768), and was styled Zhitang ... ."

"The teachings of Liu Yuan and the popular religious movement, which derived from the former, were thus known as the "Way of the Locust tree Studio" (Huaixuan Dao ...)."

[quoted from C^on-kan Dao-zan Ji-yao, xu yi-ji 1, pp. 10a-12a] "Laozi was a scholar of hidden virtue. Since he dwelt in the world for a long time, he frequently changed his name. Ge Hong ... noted down in his reports of Realized Beings :"

in the times/era of __

he was __

Yellow Emperor

Guan-c^en Zi

Yao

Wu-guan Zi [otherwise known as Wu-c^en Zi (fn. 12)]

Yin dynasty

s^ou-zan li (‘archive administrator’)

Z^ou dynasty

z^u-xia s^i (‘archivist’)

Laolai Zi ... [were identical with Laozi]"".

"the ritual canon was also compiled by Liu Yuan himself. The collection of fifty chapters (juan ...) bears the tile of "Collected Words of Ritual Methods" (Fayan huizuan ...). ... Interestingly, several members of the Liu family were also included in the pantheon and given divine titles and standard Daoist invocations (gaowen ...). Liu Yuan himself is referred to as Qingyang Shangdi ... ("Supreme Ruler of Clear Yang") in this context. ... A preface ny Liu Yuan, written in 1821, and an introduction by the Daoist Fan Daoheng ..., dated 1844, constitute the opening section of this compilation."

"The Fayan huizuan ... originated from the Quanzhen Daoist ritual tradition ... . ... In the Qing dynasty, a comprehensive collection of ritual texts was compiled by the Quanzhen Daoist Chen Zhongyuan ..., a native of Sichuan. This huge compilation, titled Guangcheng yizhi ... ("Ritual Systematization of Master Guangcheng"), was printed in 1911 by the temple Erxian An in Chengdu ... . ... The bulk of Liu Yuan’s Fayan huizuan canon ... has its origin in Chen Zhongyuan’s ritual collection."

"the "Collection of Sacred Scriptures and Litanies of Repentance" (Jingchan jicheng ...) ... was published for the first time in 1860 by Liu Yuan’s disciples. The compilation includes ... text clusters with introductions and exhaustive commentaries by Liu Yuan (in one case by Liu Yuan’s father)."

8.

Daoist Ritual Theory of in Work of Lu Xiu-jin

Gil Raz

119-33

composed a history of Daoism, Master Lu’s Abridged Codes for the Daoist Community (Lu xiansheng daomen kelu: ... DZ 1127)". [fn. 7 : "For a detailed study of Lu xiansheng daomen kelu:, see" "TDB".]

[quoted from DZ 410.1a] "There is a procedure to receiving the tallies and oaths of Lingbao. ... Both the Middle Oath and the Great Oath include the Rite of Casting Dragon-tablets. Later, the rites of casting the jade tablets of the Three Primordials are to be performed on the Eight Nodal Days ... . At the four seasons one should ascend mountains and perform rites of the Perfect Writs. Both the Contract with the Perfected and Jade Instructions include details of these rites". [fn. 9 : "Contract with the Perfected refers to the Lingbao scripture ... DZ 1411; Jade Instructions refers to the Lingbao scripture ... DZ 352."]

p. 126

The next best device is to grasp the Tallies of the Eight Awes and wear the Jade Slips of Laozi ..., then the mountain sprites can be commanded".

erect Lord

p. 127

of the Western Marchmount’s Talismans for Constraining Mountain [spirits]."

p. 128

[quoted from DZ 388:3.12b, in the Array of the 5 Talismans] As concerning the"Writ of the Most High of the Three Heaves for Subduing Krakens, Dragons, ... and Mountain Sprites", also named "Writ of the Eight Awes" : "A Daoist [should] carry this writ in his sleeve when entering mountains. The ... demonic creatures will merely walk by your side as you proceed. Grasping this writ in your hand, the ... mountain demons ... will retreat a thousand li."

p. 128

The Jade Instructions ... includes a section [DZ 352:1.24b] devoted to the production of the Slips of the Eight Awes ... .This section was incorporated into Lu Xiujing’s Lingbao shoudu yi [Lingbao Initiation Protocol]. [DZ 528:31b-35b] The first part of Lu’s version of the rite follows the text of the Jade Instructions (DZ 532:1.25b-26a2). ... In Lu’s version of the rite of Sealing the Staff ... one is to insert the talismans of the Five Thearchs into holes ... in the staff ... . ... The final part of the procedure consists of sealing the staff with red candle wax and Seals of Primordial Commencement and Stamps of the Five Elders ... . However, the section from the Jade Instructions that ... is the final part of a section

p. 129

entitled Jade Instructions of the Five Tablets of the Five Thearchs ... (21b-24b) ... provides detailed instructions for producing a "divine pole" ... from a 7 ft. long bamboo pole with seven notches. ... This pole allows on to control the spirits of heaven and earth. After practicing properly for nine years the True Forms of the spirits will appear ... and

one will be able to ride this pole in the air ... .

{cf. European witches’ riding of broomsticks}

... if one wishes to practice "release by means of a corpse" this pole can replace one’s body ... ."