#

chapter

pp.

I

Introduction

3-10

II

The 6 Hairetiks

11-26

III

Makkhali Gosala & his praedecessors

27-55

IV

Last days of Makkhali Gosala

56-79

V

Puran.a & Pakudha

80-93

VI

Early Ajivika community (I)

94-117

VII

Early Ajivika community (II)

118-141

VIII

Nanda & Maurya periods

142-160

IX

Later times

161-185

X

Southern Ajivika-s

186-212

XI

Ajivika scriptures

213-223

XII

Niyati

224-239

XIII

Ajivika cosmology

240-262

XIV

Other doctrines

263-277

XV

Conclusion

278-288

p.

term

meaning

241

yoni-pamukha

uterine birth

242

p[r]at.ipada

path

243

antara-ka[l]pa

lesser kalpa

abhijati

classes

kan.d.aka

thief

ni[r]gran.t.ha

wearer of single garment

246

purisa [purus.a]-bhumi

human stages

247

ajiva

livelihood

paribbajaka [-vrajaka]

{vow}

naga

{dragon}

indriya

faculty

248

niraya

purgatory

ga[r]bha

{embryo}

rajas-dhatu

dust-element

san~n~i [samjn~aya]

conscious

ni[r]g[r]an.t.hi

unknotted

249

san~juhe [samyutha]

group {gan.a}

251

manusa

human

pesaca [pis`aca]

goblin

252

p[r]at.uva / pacut.a

block

papata

praecipice

supina [svapna]

dream

p. 14 S.-j.-ph. S.

p.

explication by Buddda-ghos.a

uterine births

14 laks.a

[50 kot.i karma-s acc. to Bh-v S (p. 242)]

" "

6 sahasra

[60 sahasra karma-s acc. to Bh-v S (p. 242)]

" "

6 s`ata

[6 s`ata karma-s acc. to Bh-v S (p. 242)]

karma-s

5 s`ata

241

"

5

senses

"

3

act, speech, thought

"

1

word

"

½

kama

paths

62

242

modes of conduct

lesser kalpa-s

"

243

instead of the Bauddha 64

classes

6

243-4

[243] black (hunters), blue (thieves), red (nirgran.t.ha-s), green (layfolk), white (ascetics), [244] supremely white (arhant)

human stages

8

246

6. s`[r]aman.a; 7. jina; 8. p[r]ajn~a (unspeaking {= pratyeka})

{vows}

49 s`ata

247

livelihoods

" "

["asura existences" (p. 256)]

dragon-abodes

" "

["garud.a species" (p. 256)]

faculties

2 sahasra

248

including supernatural ones

dust-elements

36

shelves [atmosphaires in the Veda] {rajas-dhatu as ‘shelves’ may refer to the shelflike levels, inhabited by various classes of deities, within mt. Meru, according to the Abhidharma-kos`a; there are 36 Taoist "cavern-heavens", each within its own mountain}

conscious embryos

7

domestic animals ["god" according to Abhayadeva (p. 249)]

unconscious embryos

7

grains [groups of "demi-god" according to Abhayadeva (p. 249)] {samyutha = gan.a would indicate Gan.a-pati the elephant-god : cf. the elephant who sprayed Gos`ala Maskarin}

unknotted embryos

7

sugarcane. bamboo, reed [yaks.a-s etc. (p. 249)]

deva-s

7

251

humans

7

goblins

7

[Pis`aca-s are worshipped by Ajivika-s (p. 162)]

lakes

7

blocks

7

252

{cf. the block-shaped "black voids" of Jaina cosmology}

"

7 s`ata

praecipices

7

{may allude to praecipices of which souls of the dead fall in the world of the dead, in rN~in-ma lore – hither they fall, to become redincarnate}

"

7 s`ata

dreams

7

"

7 s`ata

p. 27 according to the Anguttara, these 3 members are __

p. 29 possible aequivalents (as former incarnations of those Ajivika founders) mentioned in the Jataka

Nanda Vaccha [Vatsa]

Kisa Vaccha, "a scapegoat (kalakan.n.i [kala-karn.in]), who would remove ill-luck when spat upon" at Kumbhavati

Kisa Sankicca

Sankicca, son of the chief brahman.a of king Brahma-datta : he described purgatory containing king Dan.d.aki, who had reigned at Kumbhavati while Kisa Vaccha was there

Makkhali Gosala

p. 31 An apparent "Gosala ... declared that ... the original Gosala was dead, and that the soul now inhabiting the apparent Gosala was that of Udai: Kun.d.iyayan.iya, ... taking up its abode in ... the dead Gosala, which it had reanimated."

{In any case, according to Clement of Alexandria, the "Redeemer felt no pains." (T-BHD, p. 175)}

p.

#

body of __

at __ caitya

outside __

for __ years

31

1^st

En.ejjaga [R@n.an~jaya]

Man.d.iya-kucchi

Rayagiha [Raja-gr@ha]

22

32

2^nd

Malla-rama

Candas-ayaran.a

Uddan.d.a-pura

21

3^rd

Man.d.iya

Anga-man.d.ira

Campa

20

4^th

Roha

Kama-maha-vana (‘Desire-Great-Forest’)

Van.arasi [Varan.asi / Benares]

19

5^th

Bharadda-i [Bhara-dvaja]

Patta-kala-gaya

Alabhiya [p. 44; Alavi (p. 33)]

18

6^th

Ajjun.a [Arjun.a] Goyama-putta [Go-yama-putra]

Kon.d.iyayan.a

Vesali

17

7^th

Gosala Mankhali-putta

Halahala’s pottery

Savatthi

16

his __

was named __

father

Mankhali "whose hand is kept busy by a picture board" is supposed (by Basham) to signify "an exhibitor of religious pictures"

mother

Bhadda [Bhadra]

p. 35 The father and mother of Gosāla Maskarin were named, respectively, Mankhali and Bhadda.

p. 36 "While Bhadda was pregnant, she and her husband Mankhali the mankha came to the village (sannivesa) of Saravan.a, where dwelt a wealthy householder Gobahula. Mankhali left his wife and his luggage (bhan.d.a) in Gobahula’s cowshed (gosala) ... . Since he could find no shelter elsewhere the couple continued to live in a corner of the cowshed, and it was there that Bhadda gave birth her child."

p. 36 "the story recalls that of the birth of Jesus, as recorded in Saint Luke’s gospel".

p. 37 Gos`ala Maskarin "is not the only figure in Indian legend to have been born in a s`aravana, or thicket of reeds. Gosala shares that honour with the god Karttikeya".

p. 37 "Moses-in-the-bullrushes" {who traveled in the Exodos much as Skanda circumambulated the ring-continent Kraun~ca}

Gosāla Maskarin was originally a slave, until he escaped. Having accidentally spilled oil, “he made off, but his master pursued and overtook him, by the edge of his robe", but he "escaped in a state of nudity. Hence he became a naked mendicant". Was the oil for the anointing of athletes? – if so, cf. St. Thomas the Athlete (the disciple being so characterized in Gnostic literature).}

{being pursued, and caught by his robe, a young man "fled from them naked" (in Mark’s Gospel 14:52).}

p. 38 according to the "S`anti Parvan: of the Maha-bharata, "Manki ... purchased a couple of young bulls ... . One day the bulls ... were both killed by a camel."

{cf. the camels which brought the 3 Wise Men to the manger of oxen to visit the newly-born Jesus}

p. 111 according to the Aupapatika Sutra, one of "the types of Ajivika mendicant" was "ut.ti.ya-saman.a" (us.t.rika-s`raman.a), a name from "us.t.rika (she-camel)."

{cf. the camel which was given (by Charlemagne) the task of finding a site for the shine for the foreskin which had been cut from the infant Jesus (SD)}

p. 110 according to the prologue to the Nangut.t.ha Jataka, Ajivika gymnasts practiced "the bat-penance (vagguli-vata)" ["swinging in the air like bats" (p. 110, fn. 3)]

{<isay created bats (BM, vol. 11, n. 4)}

p. 42 Gosala Maskarin was, together with Mahavira, at "a well ... recognized by two female followers of Pars`va".

{cf. how a Samaritan woman, at a well, recognized Jesus as a prophet (Euanggelion according to Ioannes 4:19) and as the Christ (ibid., 4:29).}

p. 48 Gosala Maskarin reminded of the sesamum plant which "had been pulled up, and had temporarily died, but it had been reanimated ... and was once more living, while the seven pods had developed".

{cf. "wheat ... if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit." (Euanggelion according to Ioannes 12:24)}

p. 56 dis-acara

p. 57 possible aequivalent

San.a

Kalanda [/ Kan.anda (p. 57)]

Kan.ada the Vais`es.ika

Kan.iyara

Acchidda [A-cchidra]

Aggivesayan.a [Agni-ves`a-ayana]

Agni-ves`a an author of the Caraka Samhita

Ajjunna [Arjuna] Gomayu-putta [-putra]

Ajjun.a Goyama-putta (a host of the soul of Uda-i)

p. 59

4 emmet-hills, from one each of which emerged (when prodded by merchants) :

water

gold {cf. gold dug by emmets of the Paktues}

jewels

a fiery serpent

p. 60

Maha-vira’s 2 disciples who were fatally cursed through the emmets’ fiery serpent

Savvan.ubhuti [Sarva-an.ubhuti]

Sunakkhatta [Su-naks.atra]

Go-s`ala Maskarin went naked.

Tezcatli-poca went naked.

Savvan.ubhuti and Sunakkhatta, on account of the tale concerning emmets, were destroyed as if by the serpent’s breath.

Xolotl and Quetzal-coatl were each said to have become an emmet; Quetzal-coatl was said to have voyage aboard a serpent.

p. 59 Gosala Maskarin spoke of a company of merchants who "found a large anthill, which had four heaps (vappu) arising from its base. On breaking ... the second yielded gold".

This is evidently an allusion to the gold-digging emmets mentioned in Herodotos 3:102 (IP 24) : those emmets were of the size of foxes

whence the saying by Jesus that "foxes have holes and birds of the air have their nests" (Gospel according to Luke 9:58) – whereof the "birds" may be Brahma’s "goose which laid the golden egg" Hiran.yan.d.a according to the Manava Dharma-s`astra (RI vol. IX. p. x).

p. 61 (Perhaps) Maha-vira’s "the two disciples ... betrayed their leader and joined the faction of Gosala." (H&DA, p. 61)

Su-naks.atra (who was an icchantika – NS40; KGS^S^5 17) praeferred, over the teaching of his own father S`akya-muni, that of the nirgrantha J~nata-putra (LLS) while the latter was a preta (WNSh, p. 56)

p. 62

"In Savatthi there dwelt Ayampula ... . In the early part of the night he was suddenly troubled by an important question : "What is the form of the halla?""

{The meaning of /hallana/ is "rolling about in sleep"; so the /halla/ would be the possessing-spirit which is in control of one’s physical body while one is absent from the physical body during sleep.}

p. 63

While holding a mango-peel for spiritual inspiration {for the same praeternatural entity as could cause a mango-tree to grow with miraculous swiftness (p. 86)}, Go-s`ala Maskarin replied, " "Of what form is the halla? It is like a bamboo root. Play the vin.a, old fellow"". "The commentator Abhayadeva confidently defines the halla as "a certain insect, the form of which is like that of the govalika grass", and ... "... the form of he govalika grass is that of a bamboo root.""

{Inasmuch as the bamboo-shoots are eaten by the panda, therefore there may be some allusion hereat to the pan.d.aka (of p. 87); or there may be an allusion (through the word /pan.d.u/ ‘pallid (with dread)’, as though the possessing-spirit in control of one’s physical body during one’s sleep can induce an aweful dread.}

#

carime __

the last __

1^st

pan.e

drink {grip}

2^nd

geye

song

3^rd

nat.t.e [narta]

dance

4^th

an~jali-kamme [-karma]

greeting {salute-work}

5^th

pokkhala-samvat.t.a-e maha-mehe [-megha]

great stormcloud

6^th

seyan.a-e gandha-hatthi

sprinkling scent-elephant

7^th

maha-sila- [-s`ila-] kan.t.a-e sangame

battle with large stones

8^th

tirthankara of this avasarpin.i