#

Title

PP.

I.1

Shamanism in South-west Korea

3-14

I.2

Ambiguous Initiation

15-26

I.3

Naerim Kut

27-32

I.4

Kamyo#n’gu#k

33-9

I.5

Comic Play in a Korean Shaman Rite

40-6

II.3

The Land of the Dead in Japanese Shamanism

84-96

II.4

Puyuma (Taiwan) Shamanism

97-104

II.6

‘Shamanic Aequation’ among the Hmon of Laos

111-9

II.7

Structure of Bru Shamanic Caerimonies

120-7

III.1

Wintu Shaman

131-5

III.2

Kootenai Shamanism

136-46

III.3

C^ugas^ Shaman

147-59

III.4

Sila, the Ordering Principle of the Inuit Cosmology

160-8

IV.3

Shamanism and Pragmatism in Siberia

200-5

IV.4

On the Origin of White Shamanism

206-9

IV.6

Spirit Possession and Shamanism among the Ladakhi

214-22

IV.7

Mortuary Caerimonies of Nepali Shamans

223-8

IV.8

Secret ‘Handbook’ of a Sibe-Manc^u Shaman

229-39

IV.9

Worldview of a Manc^u Shaman

240-8

IV.10

Social Functions of the Man^u Shaman

249-57

IV.11

Studies in Eurasian Shamanism

258-88

p.

practitioner

4

are found in central and northern Korea."

"(2) Myo#ngdu, found most commonly in the southern provinces, but

5

claim to be possessed by a dead child who usually has some claim to kinship." {spirit-possession by a dead child relative is also known in tribal southern India.}

"in contemporary Korea, ... shaman ritual is increasingly seen as the culture of the down-trodden masses (minjung munhwa). ... tan’gol in Korea’s southern provinces are today – just as priests are in Okinawa – declining as the expense of ecstatic shamans".

p. 20

"The vision was really clear. The Heavenly King appeared."

p. 22

"The visions take place in their eye, and then even without their realizing it, they’re {the possessing-spirits, speaking through the spirit-medium’s mouth} shouting out ‘I’m so-and-so, I’m such-and-such,’ even though they {the spirit-media themselves} have no idea who the Spirit Warrior is, or the Generals, or Princess Hogu, or the Special Messenger".

p. 23

"Shamans divine (mugo#ri) through the visions and sensations that come to them as they cast rice and coins on the slick surface of a varnished tray. Such a divination may provide the diagnosis that

p. 24

leads a client to sponsor a kut or less elaborate ritual. Some women routinely seek out a shaman and acquire a divination before the first full moon of the hew year".

"The shaman ... distinguished between

a ho#t>u#n (or ho#ch>in) kut, to drive out malevolent forces so that the purified can receive her spirits, and

a sosul kut to call in the {benevolent} spirits."

"During this se’ance for an illness (pyo#ng kut) Kim danced, wore various spirit gowns, took up the bells (pangu#l) and the fan (puch>ae) and uttered words (kongsu)."

He associated ... the Protestant church with the beginning of his illness : "... I went once to the Protestant church, and the next day I began to feel ill." At the time he had thought it was because he lacked faith, and so he had begun to go to morning prayer, but thereafter he had begun to have headaches. {Christians (especially Protestants) induce sickness through evil spirits. Christianity is the only real witchcraft.} It was the deterioration of his condition that had led him to try a kut."

contents of bowl

denouement

ssal (uncooked rice)

pure

c^opssal (millet)

"many little jobs but few big ones"

k>on (white beans)

major

red beans

?

water

pure

straw

"still far off"

ashes

" " "

p. 31

"It was not me who spoke, but the thought came and words came out, [indicating the spirit] who had arrived. ...""

p. 32

"The naerim kut is a seance of initiation".

name

date (Chr.E.)

ritualism

Pyo#lsin kutnori

13^th century

shamanistic

Ponsan t>alc^>um

18^th century

["actors jumped over the fire" (p. 37)]

p.

Pyo#lsin kutnori

34

"Pyo#lsin kutnori of Hahoe is the earliest extant kamyo#n’gu#k. ... It was believed throughout the area that the dead could not go to the ‘good place in the other world’ if they had not seen this ritual-drama, so once performance began, hordes of people would gather. The mere attendance at Pyo#lsin kutnori was thought to bring people happiness in the next world."

"On the day of the last full moon of the years, Sanju, the master of ceremonies, went to the Sonang (village guardian deity) temple and divined whether Tongje or Pyo#lsinkut should be performed. Sanju announced the will of the goddess to villagers and summoned a carpenter ... to make a sonangdae spirit pole at the shrine. Actors ... could not refuse the call since it was believed to be the goddess’s will. ... On the morning of the second day of the first lunar month, ... the shamans, and actors assembled at the temple to make supplication to the village goddess to [summon her]. The top of the spirit pole bore the bell of the Sonang temple, which rang as the pole shook. This signified the presence of the goddess ... . ... the actors ... danced ... . ... Shamans played music ... . ...

35

Hahoe people sanctified the masks ... . The masks represented incarnations of spirits".

p.

episode

35

1^st episode, the C^uji ("an imaginary animal") : "involves a pair of animals, each two dancers who jump, fight, and imitate sexual intercourse." {some praedatory-beast couples (such as minks), do usually fight each other before copulating.}

2^nd episode, the Samsuk : shamans take the dominant ro^le.

36

3^rd episode, the Paekc^o#n (‘Butcher’) : "a butcher sarcastically asks the audience to buy the bull[’]s heart and testicles. His speech includes satire of the nobility".

4^th episode, Sallim Sari (‘Old Woman’) : "a poor old woman sings ... while weaving fabric on an imaginary loom.. The audience tries ... appeasing her with donations."

35

5^th episode, Yanban and So#nbi (‘Nobleman and Scholar’).

6^th episode, P>agaesu#n (‘Apostate Buddhist Priest’).

7^th episode, "the wedding".

8^th episode, Sinban.

Ponsan t>alc^>um

Pyo#lsin kutnori

"lion dance"

1^st : imaginary animal

Sadan, a "dancing girl"

7^th & 8^th

"Old Buddhist Priest Episode"

6^th : Apostate Buddhist Priest

"Noblemen and their Servant Malttugi", who "continuously makes fun of his masters through audacious remarks and clever double-entendres"

3^rd : satire of the nobility

"Old Couple"

4^th : Old Woman

p.

skit

40

"In the case of a Korean shaman ritual (kut), ... exorcistic healing achieves much of its effect through ... ribald, side-splitting laughter ... of comedy. ... A two or three day seasonal festival of ..., the Pyo#lsin kut seeks the aid of the Village Spirit, the Spirit of Childbirth, the Dragon King of the Four Seas, and other major spirits to ward off disease and ensure ... the year’s fishing and farming."

41

1^st skit, the Hunjan (‘Schoolmaster’) kori : "Formerly a prote’ge’ of the heavenly Emperor Spirit, the Schoolmaster has been sent down to earth ... and is now ... giving lessons to ... youngsters of the village. ... When he [the teacher] gets to the mnemonic pair of characters meaning ‘choice’ (koro cho) and ‘sun’ (pet’ yang), he [one of the students] twists the paradigm into a similarly sounding pair that mean ‘whale’s penis’ (korae choji) and ‘100 nyang’ (paek nyang), an old form of Korean currency."

42

2^nd skit, the Kwago (‘Civil Service Exam’) kori : "The Schoolmaster ... meets the Great Kings of the Other World, who give him a chance to take the Kwago Exam in their real,. He passes and accepts the position they offer him, that of feeding ... spirits as officiant of the Kori kut."

43

"The third kori is a travesty of the solemn Confucian upper class rite of initiation of a young man into adulthood."

6^th skit, the Ponsa (‘Blind Man’) kori : "He chants an imaginative catalogue of ways in which he claims the milling women have served the sexual needs of everybody and anybody who comes along ... . Continuing on his way, he happens upon the place where the present kut is being performed. With faith in the power of spirits, he washes his eyes in medicinal spring water and has his sight miraculously restored".

44

7^th skit, the Paennori (‘Boat Play’) ko#ri : "the humour turns black; and the climactic surprise springs from ... the sudden intrusion of death."

11^th skit : "the Pyo#njo#n (Soldier) ko#ri makes a farce of the training of young recruits".

12^th skit : "The final Haesan (Childbirth) ko#ri then makes a comedy of the

45

Have you come wrapped in the summer clouds that hide steep peaks?"