south-west Indonesian religion – notes from :- BIJDRAGEN TOT DE TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE. ‘sGravenhage : Martinus Nijhoff.

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Deel 112 (1956), pp. 74-87 Jacoba Hooykaas : "The Balinese Realm of Death".

pp. 79-81 various localizations of worlds

p.

system

world traveled to

79

Toraja of middle Celebes

"The entrance to the heaven or Upperworld is a hole, conceived as a tunnel, stretching right upward from the firmament into heaven."

"girls fly in their ritual sunhats to heaven."

80

Balinese

Bhima "putting his feet on the clouds, riding on the wind, walking over the stars" {walking over the stars is Daoist}

81

Borneo

"The long shadows, at sunset some times thrown on the sky by a mountain, were believed to be the boat of the dead, sailing upwards."

   

"In Borneo the soul is definite sailing upward; in Flores it is travelling into the depth of the abyss".

pp. 82-84 the Underworld

p.

underworld etc.

82

[Balinese] While "In the Underworld it is day, In the Upperworld it is night." [& vice versa] ... (There also exists a Totemboan story, where the sun is in the Underworld during the night).

They travel back on a rainbow; the priestess ... sitting in the middle of the rainbow. this rainbow-in-the-Underworld must be ..., if the sun is there at night".

82-3

"the dwelling-place of the Toradja dead is ... in the fourth heaven."

83

"On the island of NIAS the Universe was believed to consist of nine spheres (zones, stores {cf. alaya-vijn~ana}), each zone having its leading priestess. In the Upperworld the god of light reigns, but he is only the younger brother of the dark god of the Underworld. ... Exactly as with the Totemboans and the Toradjas (and for that matter Ancient Egypt {or even the Cuna of Panama`}), on Nias the sun is believed to said through the Underworld. The stone of life is found in the West, near the abyss ...".

84

[Makassarese] "a man wounded a swine with a borrowed spear. He refinds the spear in the body of the prince of the Underworld.

Variants of these story are told by the Toradja, Totemboan, etc."

p. 86 [Javanese] deities located in the directions

direction

deity

"South-West "("Between Heaven and the Land of Souls")

Yama

"East-to-the-Mountains"

the Forefathers [Pitr.-s]

"West ... down"

Patala [of which there are 7]

"To the Sea"

"Land of Souls, where the unpurified souls live" [preta-s?]

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Deel 112 (1956), pp. 291-322 Jacoba Hooykaas : "The Rainbow in Ancient Indonesian Religion".

rites associated with rainbow etc.

p.

ritual __

is/are human-made __

is/are natural __

       
 

Toraja of middle Sulawesi

293

 

oars

ospreys[’ wings]

   

nte`te` (‘bridge’)

rainbow

p. 294, fn. 6

blade of sword

bridge

 

" "

edge of knife {should be : the serrations of a saw}

stairs

 

294

 

railing

lightning

 

shields

flying vehicles for priests

 
 

large ritual-hats

flying vehicles for priestesses

 

297

 

gangway (into boat)

clouds

       
 

Nias (isle west of Sumatra)

295

aspersion (of patient)

 

waterspout (whirlwind upon water)

 

little wooden figurines

flying vehicles for priests/priestesses

 

297

fruitstalks

bridge

 
 

coconutshells

boats

 
       
 

Naju in south Kalimantan

298

coffin for woman

[soulboat flying to] Upper World

hornbill

 

coffin for man

[soulboat flying to] Lower World

naga

rainbow etc. of deities

p.

myth

   

299

[Bugis people in south Celebes] From heaven, Bhatara Guru "descended by way of the rainbow and married a goddess of the Underworld, who was born from the foam of the sea – like ... Aphrodite."

   

300

[Bali] "Umar {i.e., Om-kara} rubbed his foot : goddess Uma was born ... The God was frightened at the sight of her male sexe, snatched it off and threw it into the sky

location / substance

origination of __

 

sky

rainbow

 

earth

tornado

 

fragrant blood

buffaloes

 

other blood

cows

   

301

[according to the Tantu Pange.laran] "the goddess first hurt her left foot and had to walk with a stick in search of milk from a virgin black cow. {cf. Irish mythic milk-yielding cow who never gave birth} Bhatara Gutu ... let flow his sperme to ... the wound in her left foot and caused the birth ... of ... a girl and a black monkey (lutung), born respectively from the [amniotic] water and the afterbirth [placenta]." {cf. Manchu-inspired erotic attraction to crippled feet of bound-footed women, in prae-Republican China.}

   
 

[according to the Javanese Korawa-as`rama] aspects of Kala-s`unya

 

bodily member / action / secretion

cosmic result

301

eyen

sun & moon

302

winking

stars

 

hairs fallen out

trees, mosses, grasses

 

tears shed

dew

 

arms extended

rainbow

   

302, fn. 42

"The hill-Toradjas consider the sky as a man who is lying stretched upon the earth, which is thought of as a woman. ... the cosmic god ... is ... lying with the head to the South, the feet to the North. NW e.g. is called left leg, NE right leg, etc." {If so, the sky-god must be lying supine. Is the earth goddess lying prone?}

   

302

[Old-Javanese] Bhatara Guru "overcame Le.mbu Andini [Nandini], and made her his vehicle....

303

Le.mbu Andinit found a ruse to instigate" Bhatara Guru "against his queen, with the result, that the two of them fought one another." {Zeus fought against his own wife queen Hera (GM 13.c).} Bhatara Guru "was so anglry, that he cursed Le.mbu Andini, who was changed into a rainbow. Accordting to popular belief the rainbow has a cow-head, and ... the cow is drinking the water of the sea." After Bhatara Guru "had lost his vehicle, he ... soon found a bull, called Andana, son of Raksasa Gopatama."

305

"in Javanese popular conception the rainbow has the body of a serpent , which stretches itself above the island of Java, ending in two heads of deer or cows, one of which drinks the water from the Java-sea, the other from the Indian Ocean. Once satiated, they vomit the water as rain on the earth."

306

[East-Javanese art-motif] "A monster head on top of a bow, which ends in two deerheads. ... in Hopkin’s The Development of Chinese Writing, that ... deerhead bow did exist as a sign for the rainbow as early as the sixth century B.C."

 

"Mentawai people ... when they are hunting and see a rainbow of which the ends do not touch the earth, they are convinced that they will capture deer."

309

[Javanese gate to kraton (palace)]

 

__ of gate

substance

of image of __

 

top

ruby

twin sun on earth

 

front

brass, encrusted with lapis lazuli

rainbow, which drinketh water

 

wings

glass

god & goddess of love, "they seem to make love"

 

pillars

"Snapping Rocks, part of the Realm of Death"

Cinkarambala & Upata

   

311

"When the rainbow is very bright and well-defined there is usually another bow with it, paler than the first, the colours appearing in the reverse order. The Indo-Chinese call these two phenomena Monsignor the Long Serpent and Monsignor the Short Serpent, for one [the upper] of the two concentric arcs is ... a little larger than the other."

   

311, fn. 67a

"in Malay the word pe.langi stands as well for rainbow as for snake".

311

"In Angkor it was the serpent, Anta-bhoga, while with the Dayak the Serpent of the Underworld was closely related with the rainbow".

   

313

[Old-Javanese poe:m Arjuna-Wiwaha] "The noble Dhananjaya ... wore the skin, dropped by Ananta, beautifully scaly in colour of blue precious stones and fresh hare’s blood."

[Old-Javanese epos Bharata-Yuddha, canto XV] a king "having attired himself in a many-coloured garment (busana ane`ka-warn.a). {cf. the many-colored garb worn by Yo^sep} ... the kulambi Ananta-kusuma."

 

[Jogyakarta etc. in Java] "heroes became king after having married a widadari [vidya-dhari] – by stealing her flying jacket."

315

[Te.nge.r (not Islamized) in the highlands of Java] "ceremony, called the slame.tan pange.ntas-e.tas, where by incense and incantations the souls were helped to get across to the other side."

 

[Arjuna-Wiwaha] "the flying-jacket (with slippers) {cf. flying-sandals worn by Perseus and by Hermes} given to Arjuna ...., is called a ‘woolen jacket’ (ke.lambi kambala) ... the Ontro-kusuma"

316

"as a youth Dron.a had won the favours of a heavenly nymph, the well-known Wilutama [Tila-uttama], who flew with him across the sea."

   

314, fn. 77

[isle of Roti] "it is by force of a goatskin that the hero flies"

   

317

[in the poe:m Sri Tanjun p. 13/81] Sri Tanjun gave to her husband the jacket Anta-kusuma, which had been received by her father "when he had been bound in the large graveyard Gandamayu, fettered with ropes to a huge rangdu tree." When he (the father) had been thus fesseled, the goddess Nini {cf. Sumerian goddess /ININNI/} accorded it to him after he had cleansed her of a curse.

318

After having been murdered by her husband, Sri Tanjun’s "soul flies upwards and reaches a river : ... There was ... in the water, a crocodile with a raksasa-head. ... White Crocodile politely answered : ... I am the incarnation of the Boat-for-the-Steadfast, shining brilliantly in the sky like a rainbow."

320

Thence she came to "the Rocky [Shaky] Bridge" : "This Rocking Bridge ... was represented in temples of Death, as a real broken bridge, which was used for an ordeal." "The clouds are slippery ...; maybe the lightning will twist ..., do not follow it, for it is extremely unsteady and shaky."

   

321

[Mentawai] "coffins ... with deerheads and fishtails" : "in a cemetery a collection of wooden boxes on which a deerhead was carved on one end, while at the other a fishtail could be discerned. For every dead person such a box was made and set on trestles. ... Sometimes a relative of the dead would pass the night in such a coffin."

   

323

[Bali] "different shapes of coffins" : "For the higher castes the bull is used, for a sudra a mythical animal, called gajah-mina, fish-elephant."

GM = Robert Graves : The Greek Myths. 1955.

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Deel 113 (1957), pp. 179-190 Jacoba Hooykaas : "The Mouse in Indonesian Folklore".

p.

tale

179-82

[Balinese] Father of Yellow Cucumber trapped the mouse-transfiguration of the queen of Koripan, killing her.

184-5

[the Sasak of Lombok] While picking pumpkins, village-chief Datu Aca of Tandun slew the mouse who was his mother-in-law.

186-7

[the Tabaru on Halmaheira] A cat killed the mouse who had fed her daughter on stolen bananas until that daughter lowered herself via a rope from the high cave (on a cliff).

M

[Cymry -- Mabinogi of Mynnweir and Mynord] At Narbeth, Manawyddan was about to hang (M, p. 408) the mouse who was the praegnant wife (p. 409) of Llwyd the son of Kilcoed. From Manawyddan, cobbler (p. 404) of golden shoes [cf. Balinese "mouse brings him grains of gold" (p. 189); "large white mouse which brings him a golden ke.te`lla" (loc. cit.); and the color of pumpkins of the Sasak (p. 184)], an attempt to redeem that female mouse had been made (p. 406) by Kicva. ["Kicva the daughter of Gwynn Gloyw saw that there was no one in the palace but herself and Manawyddan" (p. 403), similarly as in the Danish legend of castle Gurre.]

p. 187 [West-Toraja in Middle-Celebes] "the fieldmice ... were the dead who returned in this transformation."

M = Mabinogion, transl. by lady Charlotte Guest. 1877. http://sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/mab/mab24.htm

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Deel 113 (1957), pp. 324-340 Jacoba Hooykaas : "Upon a White Stone under a Nagasari-Tree".

p. 326 centre of heaven, according to the Sri Tan~jun, p. 127

said to the revived heroine Sri Tanjun, by her reviveress goddess Rara Nini :- "The Nagasari-tree, which is there in the Centre,

the cockatoo belongs to it.

The water underneath, called Talaga, is surrounded with flowers ...

My Divine Person is to bathe in it."

p. 329 kalpa-taru tree, according to the prae-Muslim book Tantu Pange.laran, p. 72, l. 26

"the goddess became a Kalpataru in order to get away from her baby son Kumara ... But God Kumara found her out and fed on the tree."

pp. 330-331 entry-series, each entering its successor by rotation :-

S`ambhu, in the N.E.

Vis.n.u

S`ankara

Maha-deva

Ludra (Rudra)

Brahma

Maha-is`vara

Is`vara

kakayon (kayu ‘tree’ – p. 329), in the centre

p. 332 naga-sari ‘flowering serpent’ (in Javanese), according to the Tantu Pange.laran, pp. 69-70

4th tyaga (hermitage) "is Pacira (the Centre sprouted fighting with a thorny bambu ...). There was a fierce Serpent ... The God fought him with his hermit’s knife. So the Serpent ... sprouted with leaves and blossoms. ... That is why in Pacira the flower of the Flowering Serpent existed for the first time."

{composite serpent-trees are common in tropical-forest South American myths, derived from hallucinogenic visions}

pp. 336-337 [Toba-Batak] origins of categories of living beings from successive falls of decaying wood fallen from the Sinkam-mabarbar tree leaned against by Ompun Tuan Bubi na Bolon {cf. [Maya] BOLON-ti-Ku}

p.

wood-fall

place

creatures originated

336

1st

sea

water-inhabiting animals

 

2nd

dry land

insects

337

3rd

forest

feral animals

 

4th

 

domestic animals

 

5th

 

birds : "the birds mated in the Tree and the gods were born"

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