Na-xi & Mo-so, II : "Rites".

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pp. 103-126 Chuan-kang Shih : "Mortuary Rituals and Symbols among the Moso".

p. 120a # of layers of squares of 4 logs each required for hollow pyre

for a __

# of layers

man

9

woman

7

p. 120b general rule for deciding the place of cremation

season

direction of cremation-site from village

spring

east

summer

south

autumn

west

winter

north

"It is widely reported in Chinese ethnographies that each Moso lineage used to have its common burial ground." [If so, this would relate to before cremation came into vogue.]

p. 122a lifting of mourning requirements after the funeral

"Female members of the household could take off the linen thread on their hair and divide the single braid into two.

Male members could wear caps again if they wanted.

But not until the forty-ninth day from the day of cremation could all members of the household wash their hair or have their hair cut."

"It was believed that it took forty-nine days for the soul to travel back to the ancestral land."

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pp. 127-138 Zhang Xu : "A Naxi Cremation Ceremony".

p.

 

when the cadaver is female

when the cadaver is male

136

the cadaver is placed for cremation with the face pointing __

downward

upward

137

__ logs of firewood are burned during the cremation

7

9

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pp. 139-172 He Limin & He Shicheng : "The Dto^-mba` Ceremony to Propitiate the Demons of Suicide".

pp. 141-142 pictorial repraesentations of deities

p.

deity

identity

141b

Ssa`w-yi^-wua^-de^ (chief of the gods)

Maha-kala?

 

Ha`>-yi^-ku`>-k>u` (9-headed 18-armed deity)

 
 

K>a^w-z`e^r Mi`-gyu' (4-headed deity suppressing suicide-daimones)

4-headed Praja-pati ?

 

Le`r-gyu^-kyi'-gyu^ (warrior-deity suppressing Te`r-daimones)

 
 

Yu^-ma` (protective spirits)

[360 winged Wer-ma (p. 307, n. 410)]

 

To^-mba^ S`i'-lo^ (founder of religion)

sTon-pa gS`en-rabs

 

Ndu` (active male principle)

yan

141b-2a

Ssa`> (passive female principle)

yin

142a

O`-ha`r Mua^n-ndshe^r (Green Dragon)

 

p. 143b To^-ma^ (dough-figures) of deities

parched barley-flour deity-figure

identification

Ssa`w-yi^-wua^-de^ ["Supreme Deity" -- p. 145]

 

O^-ko`-a^w-ko` (great god of first cause)

Adi-deva?

Ha^>-du`> O^-p>e`r (great god with white bones)

Citi-pati?

O^-gyi^-k>o^-pu` (father of great god Ssa`w-yi^-wua^-de^)

 

To^-mba` S`i’-lo^

 

Le`r-gyu^-kyi`-gyu^

 

Yu^-ma` [protectors – p. 145; with weapon-rack – p. 144]

{cf. weapon-rack at Ithake }

K>a^w-z`e^r Mi`-gyu’

 
   

parched buckwheat-flour deity-figure

identification

5 Te`r

 

5 Ma`-de^ [males]

5 Mara-s = 5 Kama-s?

7 Ma`-de^ females

Mari-s?

Dsa`>

 

Za`w

 

Tu:`

 

wind [Ha^r]

Vayu?

p. 145 attributes of 6 kinds of daimones

attribute

daimon

winged

Za:

black

Du:`

red

Dsa`:

planets

Za`w

water

 

hanging

Ts>u^

litany

pp. 150a, 152a, 153a classes of spirits

P>e`r

Ssa`n

Na^w

Wu`

pp. 150a, 152a classes of gods

O^

Ha^>

p. 152a classes of daimones

of suicide by hanging [Ts>u^ (p. 171a)]

of love-suicide [Yu` (p. 170a)]

Tu:`

Tsa`>

Ku^>-ts>u` [‘star’ (p. 150b)]

Za`w

Te`r

La^

cloud [Kyi` (p. 139b)]

wind [Ha^r (p. 145)]

p. 154a the Te`r

they have __

heads of

deer

tails of

snakes

wings of

chickens

   

they became __

in white clouds

cranes & eagle

in snowy mountains

leopards & tigres

in fir-tree forests

deer & mountain-asses {cf. ass frustrating Pri-apos (GM 20.b)}

in jungles

bears {cf. bearskin of Tuphon (GM 36.b)} & feral swine

in pine-tree forests

muntjak & musk-deer

in brush-wood outback

ring-necked pheasants & golden pheasants

in farmlands

wildcats (bobcats) & foxes

at house-gateway

left a footprint 9-handspans long;

left a fingerprint 7-handspans long {"instead of fingers ..." (CDCM, s.v. "Typhon")}

(of the pairs of animals, since Te`r is paired (on pp. 154-6) with La^, therefore apparently the 1st of each pair is the Te`r, while the 2nd is the La^ --

/TE`R / = [Bodish] /GTER/ ‘treasure’ {cf. jewel-orchard-fruit of <ala-ud-din = the orchard-tender Pri-APos (apos ‘pear’ -- pq), cf. also Eur-ops ‘broad opulence’ (grandfather -- CDCM, s.v. Telchis – to APis ‘pear’ the father of Thelksion < *GhaLC^si- : [<arabi^] QaLaH. ‘yellowness on teeth’ (cf. yellowness of ripe pear), QaLiH. ‘superannuated ass’ (LA-L 3:486b) [<ibri^] QaLLaH.at ‘kettle’ (for storing treasures?)}, cognate with [<arabi^] GayTaR ‘midget’ (LA-L, 1:243), i.e., a [Norse-style] dwerg treasure-guardian;

/La^/ = [Bodish] LHa, cognate with [<arabi^] >al-LaHH)

{cf. Tuphon / Tupheus, who had ass’s head (instead of deer’s) which "touched the stars" (cf. Kartwelian stag-god whose antlers reached the sky), snake’s body, and was winged (GM 36.a) –

/TUPHon-/ < /*THUPH-/ < /*DUBH/ is cognate with [Samskr.ta] /...-dunDUBHi/ (name of father of Sarva-artha-siddha = [W]ORTHros, cognate with /VARDHA-mana/ maha-vira; cf. Artamis [W]ORTHia worshipped at SparteGM 116.c; SW-R), and with [<arabi^] /DUB/ ‘bear’}

p. 157b the Te`r "wish ... to cut off the ears of human beings." {cf. Simon Petros (Kephas)}

pq = http://www.us.oup.com/us/companion.websites/0195153448/studentresources/mainglossary/characterglossary/pq/?view=usa

GM = Robert Graves : The Greek Myths. 1955.

CDCM = Pierre Grimal (tr. by Maxell-Hyslop) : A Concise Dictionary of Classical Mythology. 1990.

LA-L = Georgii Wilhelmi Freytagii : Lexicon Arabico-Latinum. Beirut, 1975. 4 vols.

SW-R = http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=309861078584008

p. 154b spirit-generals, skilled in war, with myriads of spirit-soldiers

nationality of general

name of general

Bodish

Wu`-mbu`-wu^-ha`>

Bai

Lu^>-bu`-lu^>-s^e^r

Na-xi

Wu^-z^o`u-wu^-to^

{this generalship is, of course, Daoist}

p. 157b the black pig, named Ss^-mbu^ Bu`-na`, of the Te`r

spreadeth disease & calamity everywhere.

 

hath __

which __

"dug up the mighty foundation stones"

"press down the eartb."

"damaged by rubbing the mighty pillars"

prop up the heavens.

 

the black pig’s __

are like unto __

eyen

"constellations twinkling"

bristles

"great forest of fir-trees"

mouth

"great black cavern"

{cf. "Black Pig Society" in Guinea; [Kemetian] god SWTH as black pig]

p. 160a god Ndu` & goddess Ssa`>

deity

Ndu`

Qa`>

dwelleth in __

north

south

rideth __

white horse

black ox

for whom we make __ into an offering

butter of red cow

wheat-flour

p. 161 deities enticed [by the odor of burning animal-bones – p. 160b]

p.

deity

identification

161a

K>a^w-z`e^r Mi`-gyu’ danced for [of cypress-tree (p. 165)]

 
 

for remote ancestor Ssa^w-la^-a^>-pa` a "pine tree with three branches" is erected"

S`iva in pine-forest?

 

Za`> having a nest of bird-eggs

Vinata mother-bird?

163a

Ts>u` having palisade

Asura-s of defense?

164a

Ssu` to whom is offered milk

Sarama drinking milk?

164a-b

Ma`-de^ for whom are shot 5 arrows

Kama of 5 arrows?

165a

Te`r-ko` protective tutelary spirits

is.t.a-devata?

165a

Ba^>-d>a` warrior-gods

Guhyaka-s?

 

Du:^-p>e`r Ssi^-ngu^> white-as-concb lion who discovered sacred nut-tree

lion-face on front of temples?

 

K>wua^--tu:`-mbe`r-ndzi^-zo^ Gyi^ thunder-&-lightning god of chestnut-tree

Parjanya thunder-&-lightning god?

 

La^-le^r-du`>-ndzi^ Mbue^ [earthquake-goddess (p. 145)] "terrestrial being, wife of Gyi^" of chestnut-tree

Pr.thivi earth-goddess?

166a

Nda^w-la^>-mua^n-ssa`w Mi’ (of Nda^w-la^>-lu:^-p>e`r village) was

 

166b-167a

bride carried off, by white whirlwind to her left and black whirlwind to her right, "to a rocky outcrop"

Oreithuia carried off by Boreas "up the slope of the Acropolis" (GM 48.b)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

pp. 189-208 Yang Fuquan : "The Ssu’ Life Gods and their Cults".

p. 190b deities in the vicinity of the hearth

deities

function

Yu`

ancestor-spirits

Ssu’

life-gods

No’n

spirits of domestic animals

O`-ma^>-ha`>

spirits of grain

p. 190b "fastening the life gods’ thread onto the hands of the god of the hearth" {cf. thread spun by the Moirai to indicate life-span}

pp. 194b dreams by prospective in-laws, praesaging the marriage

on the caerimonial ground a pair of great which conch-shells; lightly swept the white clouds with bamboo-brooms.

in the 9 layers of clouds, a pair of white cranes circling in flight, crying out together.

digging nuggets of gold out from the 9 layers of soil.

a pair of small golden-colored hounds which barked together with glee.

on ‘Eagle Mountain’ leading hounds in the chase.

p. 195-198 sites anointed with butter for marriage-ritual

p.

site

195a

bamboo-basket

 

sacred rock of Ndu`

 

pagoda

 

ladder

 

jointed arrow-shaft

 

arrow-head

 

flag reflective like mirror

 

yellow-wood god-shrine

195b

men’s platform

 

mother’s platform

 

3 range-stones

195b-6a

5 brethren-gods & 5 sistren-goddesses

196a

‘Heaven’s prop’ (main pillar of house)

 

forehead of kneeling groom

196b

forehead of kneeling bride

 

the measure for grain

 

the brass padlock

197a

the keys

 

the butter-churn

197b

the chopper

 

the bow

197b-8a

door of main room

198a finally, the leftover butter is handed over to the bride by the priest, saying :"I give you back ninety-nine pats of butter." As the bride is putting the butter back into the storeroom, the priest saith :"I pray that the host’s family will have ninety-nine binsful of provisions and ninety-nine chestsful of clothes." {cf. 99 rivers in [Yi] tale "seven Sister and Serpent Prince", cap. 1 http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/bender4/courses/7html/default.html }

p. 198a ritual to worship Dso^ Ffu’ (the god of the hearth)

offering to the deities:-

Mua^n-lu'> Ndu` A`>-p>u^ (white-haired spirit)

La^>-tki^ Ssa`> A`>-dzi` (long-in-the-tooth [long-life] spirit)

p. 198b imported flowers

flowers

from __

p>u'-na` ('black felt')

O^-dso^ (Tibet)

yi^-pu^ ('silken')

Yi^-c^>i (Kun-ming)

p. 199a the 12 flowers of the 12 months

month

__ ba`w (‘__-flower’)

Jan

mbu^-dshu^ (peach)

Feb

lu^> mbu^

Mar

nyu^> le`r (turnip)

Apr

yu'-tsu`

May

ha`>-t>i^

Jun

t>o^-ho`

Jul

ssi^-le^r

Aug

mbue^-bo^

Sep

ki^-p>e`r (white rice)

Oct

mbue^-p>e`r (white artemisia)

Nov

ssi^-nda`w

Dec

ssi'-k>a^w (plum)

pp. 199-200 trees felled in Be^r-de^r (sacred ‘White Land’ = [Chinese] Bai-di)

p.

tree

ritual object made from tree's wood

199b

khyu'> ('juniper')

pagoda of life-gods

 

bamboo

basket of life-gods

200a

mbue^-s^i` ('yellow oak')

bridge of life-gods

 

t>o^ ('pine')

ladder of life-gods

 

bamboo

arrow-shaft of life-gods

 

go^-lo'

flag-pole of life-gods

 

juniper

incense for life-gods

p. 200b apportionment to beings of life-spans by Mua^n-lu^-Ndu` A'>-fu^

life-span, in years

being

myriad myriads

"sleepless rock"

thousand myriads

water

ten myriads

juniper

one myriad

pine

thousand

fir

hundred

yellow oak

hundred

bamboo

30

horse

20

ox

p. 202a the 4 Naxi clans as 4 sons of Ka^w-la`>-ts>u’>

Ssu’

Yu`

Ma`

Ho`

p. 202a directional keys of deities

direction

color of key and of door

key-wielding deity

east

conch-white

K>o`-ts>a’>-tsa^>-mbu^

south

turquoise

Ssa’>-z^i^-ma^>-nu’

west

black jade

Na’-ssa`>-c^>u`n-lu’

middle

mottled

T>a’-ma^>-ssi^-ka^w

pp. 209-235 Christine Mathieu : The Moso Ddaba Religious Specialists".

types of religious practitioners

p.

practitioner

nature

209b

daba ‘priest’

hereditary; performer of domestic rituals

211b

soma (shaman)

can "fly"; "deal exclusively with gods"

 

z^eda (medium)

cannot "fly"; "deal only with ghosts", and "require the help of translators ... to interpret the arcane recommendations they provide whilst in a trance state." {= "speaker in tongues" & "interpreter of tongues" in Pentacostal inspiration from the Holy Ghost }

213a

ha-daba [‘bishop’]

who formalized the office of each daba

 

pa-daba (diviner)

"the diviner who could see the malevolent spirits who cause illness and other troubles."

 

pu:-daba (exorcist)

"knew how to chant the texts to exorcise malevolent ghosts."

pp. 216a-b ritual paraphernalia

"red garments"

"five-lobed crown"

p. 216b 2 types of caerimonies

caerimony

deity

purpose

bu:

gala ('deity')

samskara-s

di

ce ('malevolent spirit')

exorcism

pp. 216-217 numerics of caerimonies

p.

numerics of litourgia, under 5 topical rubrics

216b

1st

30 bu: dedicated to deities or to ancestors

 

2nd

17 bu: samskara-s (rites of life-cycle)

 

3rd

7 bu: concerned with hunting

217a

4th

2 focused specifically on the daba

 

5th

47 di addressed to various ghosts

p. 217a specific ghosts

ghost

who __

Natibiguma

blurreth person's eyesight

Mbosami

maketh bad death

Guburume

causeth dumbness

Cosseishuahami

female, causeth fights in village

Mbi

damageth crops

p. 217 festivals

p.

date

festival

of __

217a

2nd mo.

Remugu bu:

peace of hunters with mountain-god Remugu

 

3rd or 4th mo.

Za bu:

hunting-god Zagala

217b

5th d. of 5th m.

wa~limiwayizze

medicine

 

27th d. of 7th mo.

niamiche

Mountain-goddess Gamu

 

10th mo.

gulessozz6e

shepherds

217a

26th d. of 12th mo.

kus^e

 
 

New Year's eve

litegas^ai bu:

13-year-olds

p. 217b harmful magic

"it is possible to make someone sick by ... sticking pins into a doll fashioned into the victim's image."

"The gu is ... an invisible animal which was reared from the most venemous insects and reptiles and has a craving for making people fall ill. The gu is passed down from generation to generation, ... from mother to daughter."

p. 218b types of divination

Par ('divination')

its practice

Ce-wuge

scapulomancy [with goat-shoulderblades – p. 233, n. 25]

Bamada

12 split twig-halves : on each twig-half, the interior side is female, the exterior side is male

Lu-par ('stone-divining')

24 stones

So~wa-par ('rosary-divining')

beads

Arwo~

eggs

p. 219a actions taken by the deities against Daji-ghosts ("who come riding from over the mountain ranges to prey on the Moso")

"Whether the ghosts hide in the cracks of the sky ...

They cannot escape the fiery eyes of the gods,

The silver pupils of their eyes. ...

The gods ... will pierce the hide of the black goat,

... will kill the small black pig,

... will kill the black rooster."

p. 220a the 3 energies

energy

function

kulu

'life-span'

mu:to

"where a person is at on any particular day."

wa~li

"When a person dies, his or her wa~li divides into nine parts and at least one of these parts becomes incarnated into an animal. The wa~li, however, reorganizes itself as an ancestor forty-nine days after death ... Ritual usage reserves the northeast direction to the place where the ancestors live, between the north, the point of death, and the east, that of rebirth. ... in the ancestral land Se-ba'anawa which ... lies ... northeast".

p. 221a the several directions for migration of the souls of the dead, as determined by clan

clan

locality of clan

destination for soul

Hu = Na-ri

Fen-ke

Se-ba>anawa {cf. [Iban] SEBAyAN}

(most)

 

Yu^>-ndsu`-po'>-lu'>-k>o^ / Yu^>-ndsu` Mbe`r-ma^> Ko^

 

Da-don

Emaniu

Ludi

 

west : Gama>ayagui

"The roads of the other Moso clans, the Chu, Ba, Ngwa amd Yan were lost."

p. 222a the 2 heavenly princesses from whose "two half-monkey children" are descended the Mo-so

Mumi-jiajia-mi & Mumi-gugu-mi

p. 222a the 5 caelestial daba

Mabuzeru

Sebadake

Qiusegala

Zigugala

Wosiaijeguo

p. 222b tribal aequivalents in legendary founders of religions

[Labei] Doba S`air = [Naxi] To^-mba` S`i’-lo^

[Moso] Mabuzeru = [Naxi] Mua^n-po`-dzi^-szu` = [Eya] Mabuzes`u

p. 222b Mabuzeru

Mabuzeru

non-Yunnan aequivalent

was born from beneath his mother’s left armpit, while she placed her hand on the yoda tree.

ditto, for Lao Dan.

"The ghosts put him in a big copper pot ... to boil him in oil, but he did not die." "The ghosts ... said: ‘... let him ... fry us, we will not die eiher.’"

similar motif in Popol Vuh.

p. 223b directional deities

direction

deity

[zenith]

Mulu Abadu ‘Great Heaven’

east

Gassiseba

south

Naceisser

west

Sermagu

north

Weissakoba

p. 223b animal-goddesses

mother-tigress La-mu

mother-snake Z^e-mu

frog Z^ekaba-mi [feminine – p. 226b]

lioness-goddess Sege Ga-mu (a "mountain ... whose feet bathe in the waters of Lake Lugu.")

p. 225b hero who escaped the deluge

Codeiliusso = [Naxi] Ts>o`-za^>-lu’>-gu^>g

p. 225b deities of parts of the house

location in house

deity

whole house

Re-gala (‘house-tutelary’)

land whereon house was built

Da~-gala

N-E corner in Labei; behind hearth in Yon-nin

se (‘ancestors’)

hearth

Ssa-mbala = [Bodish] THAB-LHA = [Naxi] Dso^-ku:’-dso^-z^i`

foot of 3-footed iron stove

Gua~-gala

beam supporting platform whereon people sit around hearth

Hualipu:-gala

columns which support house

male Dura-sso; female Dura-mi

stove in women’s side of house

Pu-gala

inflated pig’s belly, suspended above hearth

Sebe (who protecteth the house from fire)

{Daoist, Slavic, and Roman religions have deities located in parts of the house}

p. 226b heroic deities of Garud.a myths

deity

protagonist

Z^ec^egar-mi (feminine) eagle-deity [Garud.i]

Z^essewoper the snake-child of Remugu

 

Z^ekaba-mi the frog-child of Z^essewoper

Palassu

Za-gala

p. 229a apportionment of animal-species between 2 brethren

Abadu divided the animal-species between the 2 brethren :-

Palassu received the domesticated species;

Remugu received the feral species.

Remugu send his snake-child Z^essewoper to block up the water-holes of Palassu.

The eagle Z^ec^egar-mi took the snake out, and dropped it into the sea. [p. 234, n. 44 "the snake then broke into thousands of pieces" {cf. common eastern Melanesian myth of the islands being fragments of a broken snake}]

Remugu slew a hunter of Palassu; in retaliation Palassu made war, until Majjayule arranged a compromise :-

Whatever game-animals Palassu’s hunters could catch was his;

what they could not catch was Remugu’s.

"when Remugu and Palassu made peace, they sacrificed a huge wild white pig. Bodvleper is thus eaten in communion to signify the peace offering".

p. 229b deities who hinder hunting

"Remugu is not at all helpful to Moso hunters and, in fact, the Moso always keep their hunting plans secret from him.

The morning of the hunt, they speak in whispers [so as] not to be heard by the hearth god Ssabbala who could report to Remugu.

Should anyone see a snake or a frog (who are Remugu’s children), the hunting expedition will be called off because they too will report to the god."

pp. 230-231 the deity who abetteth hunting

p.

 

229b

It is Za-gala who helpeth the hunters to catch game-animals.

 

Za-gala "decided to steal some of Palassu’s chickens"

229b-230a

Palassu, however, struck Za-gala as he came "out of the chicken coop.

230a

He hit him across the face with a stick and split his lip open, which made his mouth look like a hare’s."

 

Za-gala rideth "on the back of the deer."

 

Around the mounted Za-gala are 9 mountains : Za-gala [i.e., his deer-steed] "can jump from this mountain to that mountain."

230b

49, consisting of 7 each of 7 animals :-

 

wild oxen, wild swine, bears, muntjak, river-deer, tigres, leopards.

231a

While on the hunting-expedition, the hunters whistle to Za-gala to come to their aid, for whistling is Za-gala’s language.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Michael Oppitz & Elizabeth Hsu : Naxi and Moso Ethnography. Vo:lkerkundemuseum, Zu:rich, 1998. pp. 101-234.