p. 32, fn. 3

"First Mother (Mau De nhat), Second Mother (Mau De nhi), and third Mother (Mau De tam) are believed to descend into a spirit medium’s body under the red veil (hau trang bong)".

p. 34, fn. 11

"Vietnamese people distinguish between spirits, deities (than), and saints or holy sages (thanh). If than can be natural ... spirits, thanh are often human deities".

p. 31

A woman pleaded : "I am possessed ny Saint Tran [Duc Thanh Tran]. I cannot breathe." A commentator commented on this case : "The spirits are training her, and she will be a medium!" The woman undergoing this training by the spirits "told us that she had been experiencing a dreadful ordeal, and that for several days, Tran Hung Dao / Saint Tran came to her every night to "train" her."

p. 32

"the main activities of the Saint Tran cult were expelling ghosts and evil spirits".

p. 34, fn. 12

"Tran Hung Dao ... was a green or pure youthful angel (Thanh Tien dong tu) who was sent to the earth by the Jade Emperor (Ngoc Hoang)".

p. 34

"Considered an exorcist, magician, ...

p. 35

protector of children ["There is a popular custom called "contractual sale" (ban khoan) in which a child is sold symbolically to Saint Tran until the child is thirteen years old." (fn. 13)] and women, the god of land (than giu dat), ... Tran Hung Dao ... is the most powerful of spirits."

p. 37

"Saint Tran cult rituals were usually exorcisms to expel an evil spirit (Pham Nhan)" : "the incantation of an infertile woman begins. The most aged man ... waves red and green banners in front of her, while gongs are beaten to attract the genie’s attention. ... Then suddenly, she has seen Pham Nhan’s evil spirit : ... she stands up and runs madly toward the river ... . Finally, she throws herself into it to "drown the evil spirit.""

p. 37, fn. 24

"Ba Linh, a pseudonym of Nguyen Nhan, who is usually called Pham Nhan. Ba Linh’s father was a trader from Kang T>ung in China. ... Ba Linh ... followed his father back to China ... in the Yuan dynasty. He was a highly able sorcerer who could make himself invisible. He usually treated women in the palace who were sick but then underhandedly went into the seraglio to have secret sexual relations with them. {"Nagarjuna ... made himself invisible, and, entering the royal harem, seduced its ladies." (HBPh, p. 160)} ... Since then, after Nhan’s death, his soul has wandered around the country, following any woman who is about to give birth or who has just given birth and making her sick and beyond treatment. But if her relatives go to Tran Hung Dao’s temple and ask for an old sedge mat in the temple, stretch it out for the patient to lie on, and then dissolve incense ash taken from the temple for the patient to drink, she will recover quickly."

worship of __

conducted by __

Chu Vi ("assembly of spirits")

ba dong (female mediums)

generals of Tran Hung Dao

ong dong (male mediums), thay phap (ritual priests)

souls in the netherworld and its devils

thay bua (amulet-makers), thay phu thuy (sorcerers)

"mediums of Saint Tran and his generals ... treat patients, distribute favors ... in the course of which they thrust two big puncheons ... into their cheeks and they make cuts to their tongues. {cf. votaries’ puncturing their own tongues in honor of Skanda} The blood that gushes from these wounds is collected on the amulets that the faithful and the patients will carry or swallow."

deity

foods offered to that deity

Duc Tanh Tran

"pork head"; sticky rice

Phu Thuong Ngan (Mother of Forests)

shrimp, crab, snail; bamboo-shoots

p. 40

The female medium started her possession by covering her head with a red veil. Shaking her head under the veil and giving a sign with her fingers, [she] indicated that the three mother goddesses (the Mothers of

p. 41, fn. 35 "since mother goddesses are very sacred (thieng), they never show their faces {viz., speak through a medium whom they possess} but instead incarnate under the red veil (trang bong) {of silence}, in contrast to the other spirits that do appear (toa bong) {viz., speak through a medium}."

p. 41

Heaven, Water, and Mountains ...) had entered into her body and then left without appearing (showing their faces ...).

After these three incarnations (gia), she went into a trance with the descent of Saint Tran. She threw off the red veil while raising her forefinger, and ... this was Saint Tran’s incarnation. Her assistants then started to change her dress and serve her. In a red robe, she received ... a sword. After standing up and kneeling in front of the altar three times, she danced with the sword ... .

She sat down on a chair and listened while her husband, who was kneeling behind her, extolled her (as the manifestation of Saint Tran) ... . ...

p. 41, fn. 36 "A chair is used only for the spirits of nha Tran, not for spirits of Tu Phu."

After that, she covered her head with the red veil, indicating that Saint Tran was leaving and a new spirit was descending.

This time, Saint Tran’s second daughter appeared, and all [her] assistants swiftly changed her clothes, dressing her in a green robe. ...

p. 41, fn. 37 "Tran Hung Dao’s first daughter never appears because she became a nun (di tu) and a civil mandarin (quan van)."

the young lady at Suot sea gate or the youngest daughter of Tran Hung Dao (Co be cua Suot) ... .

... the ritual ended with an incarnation of the Youngest Prince (Cau Be). In the role of Cau Be, [the female medium] gesticulated excitedly as she danced, speaking with a lisp and simulating the gestures of a young boy."

# of prayer-books owed, to the treasury of a specific spirit

# of captive animals to be freed

p. 42

p. 43

"The quality of a person’s voice can also indicate their can."

"two essential systems of government for a country : civilian (van) and military (vo)"

"those with Saint Tran’s can speak with hoarse voices, whereas

"the mother goddesses are civil mandarins, whereas

the voices of those with Tu Phu’s can are likely to be strident."

Saint Tran is a military mandarin."

p. 43

"if ... their families have ... a tremor under the ancestors’ graves [as cause of mishaps] of a member in their families is stuck with a ... ghost, serving Saint Tran is necessary."

p. 45

A female spirit-medium described "what occurred when Saint Tran descended into her, "I feel very intense cold in my head and body [cam thay rat nang va ret].""

"Spirit mediums generally must serve spirits of the Mother Goddess cult for three years before serving spirits of Saint Tran’s family because these years help their "fates to be steady" (ban menh vung) before receiving Saint Tran’s energy. Their bodies need training to prepare them for possession by saint tran; otherwise they will faint away (xiu) or suffer possession by ghosts (tau hoa nhap ma)."

Finally a female spirit medium came to visit and told [her] that she was ... spiritually ill (benh am) and encouraged her to undertake the initiation ceremony to become a spirit medium. This was a momentous day in her life."

"Local people in the Dong Bang temple in Thai Binh province ..., where King Bat Hai (a sacred snake) was originally worshipped, ... printed a brochure indicating ... a story in which Bat Hai appeared in Tran Hung Dao’s dreams, giving him hints".

p. 52

"In many private houses, Tran Hung Dao’s amulets hang above the ancestor’s altar, on doors, or are hidden under pillows to expel ghosts and evil spirits."

p. 52, fn. 50

"Many people believe that carrying Saint Tran’s amulets helps to avoid accidents and helps babies to sleep and not cry."

"In legends, the apparition of Lieu Hanh often took the form of a beautiful innkeeper or

The woman Rah.ab was zanah (innkeepress) at Yrih.o^ (Yho^s^u<a 2).

a vendor along the important traffic routes."

"She maketh linen garments and selleth them" (Mas^li^ 31:24); "let her works praise her in the gates." (Mas^li^ 31:31)

p. 56, fn. 4

"Chau van (literally, "serving literature") may also be referred to as hat van (literally, "singing literature")."

p. 56

a small cymbal (canh)".

"1)

the ... women ... are "seized" (bat) by the spirits more than men;

2)

women suffer "madness" (dien) more than men;

3)

women are interested in "spiritual matters" (duy tam), whereas men are concerned with "material matters" (duy vat);

4)

women, rather than men, are drawn to the mother spirits ...;

5)

woman "carry the weight" of the family, so if anyone in the family needs the protection of spirits, one of the female members must become a medium"

p. 59

"male mediums usually preside over famous temples in prominent locations ... . For instance, many of the main temples in the center of Hanoi and at the famous pilgrimage site of Phu Giay in Nam Dinh province are run by male temple-mediums."

p. 60

Male specialists in "aspects of ritual life are referred to as "spirit priests" (thay cung). ...

The main instrument used in chau van, the moon lute, was in the past known as the instrument "held by noblemen" (quan tu cam). ... the moon lute is not considered suitable for women ... .

... many mediums said they preferred male singers because they were able to "flatter" (ninh) the spirits better than female singers."

p. 60

"When possessed by spirits, mediums traverse genders : when a medium of one gender is possessed by spirits of the other gender, s/he adopts the spirit’s gender ... . The medium’s clothes, mannerisms, way of speaking, ritual acts, and way of dancing ... are all influenced by the gender of the spirit. The music performed also evokes the gender of the spirit incarnated."

garb worn and dance danced by medium when possessed by a spirit :-

spirits

male

female (from lowlands)

tunics

"mandarin tunics (ao bao)"

"women’s tunics (ao dai)"

hats

"tiara-like hat (khan xep)"

"tiara-like hat often adorned with flowers (khan hoa)"

dance

"with swords, spears, and sticks with bells"

["use fans, ropes lit on fire, amd rowing oars." (p. 61)]

"Female mountain spirits wear clothes influenced by the clothes worn by women belonging to ethnic minority

p. 61

groups. ... female mountain spirits chew betel. ... When male mediums are possessed by female spirits, they often use a falsetto voice."

p. 67

"When a man has the "destined aptitude of the Ninth Princess Spirit" [can Co Chin], then when that spirit is incarnated, the character ... naturally ... has a sharp tongue, the voice of a woman, and chews betel like a woman. ... Many people hug them and call them women."

p. 61

"Young prince spirits ... dance with sticks with bells, but are less serious than other male spirits and are often "naughty" (nghich). When possessed by child spirits, mediums often speak with the voice of a child and sometimes mispronounce words as a child might (for example, by not pronouncing consonants)."

p. 62

"female mountain spirits like the Second Lady (Chau De Nhi) and the Young Princess (Co Be) ... are depicted joyfully strolling in the mountains and forests, but lowland female spirits, ... the Third Princess (Co Bo) is best known for her "rowing dance" (mua cheo)".

p. 64

"In the case of the Third Princess, many mediums develop a close relationship with the princess because of her ability to cure illness with "incense water" (nuoc thai). Similarly, many religious followers are attracted to female spirits who are renowned for their fortune-telling powers, such as the Ninth Princess (Co Chin)."

"In some of the stories of the Fifth Mandarin, the spirit appears in the form of a snake".

"In the song texts, the Tenth Prince ... is a renowned scholar and poet and is known for his womanizing".

usual melody played for __ spirit dances

is the __ melody

male

Luu Thuy

female mountain

Xa Mua Moi

female lowland

Nhip Mot

played for __ spirits

is the __ melody

female lowland

Van; Ham

male mandarin

Kieu Duong

songs for __ spirits

female

male

__-beat rhythm

2 (1/4 note, 1/8-note rest, 1/8 note, 2 ¼ notes)

3 (1/4 note, ¼-note rest, 2 ¼ notes)

verses of __ vocal phrases

short

long

__ melisma

minimal

extended

syncopation

little

much

verses ending in repeated phrase sung to vocables

yes

no

__ instrumental accompaniment to vocal line

full

sparse

sung in unison

yes

no

p. 70

"When [a certain female medium] was possessed by the Third Princess (Co Bo), the spirit punished her by making her so cold that she had to stop the ritual temporarily."

p. 71

"Mediums are also the "servants" of the spirits : they are "chosen," "ordered," and "forced" by the spirits to be initiated and have to "obey" them when possessed."

p. 72

[quoted from "I&C", p. 144 :] "Halaa [Temiar mediums] are predominantly male, their spirit guides are predominantly female."

p. 73

"In rare cases when halaa are female, they connect with male spirit-guides."