Cap.

Auth.

PP.

Ghosts and Responsibility

Steven Shankman

77-94

Roman Manes

Charles W. King

95-114

Culture of Ghosts in 6-Dynasties

Mu-chou Poo

237-97

6-Dynasties Anomaly Tales

Yuan-ju Liu

299-309

Analects 11:12

"Zilu asked how ghosts and spirits (... gui shen) are to be served. ... Zilu asked, "May I ask about death?""

Analects 6:22

"show respect for (... jing) ghosts and spirits (... gui shen)."

/>O^B/ : "The Hebrew word, according to Koehler and Baumgartner, is cognate with the Arabic ">wb come back, = revenant" (Hebrew and Aramic Lexicon, I:20). The parallel association of gui ... with the idea of a "revenant" is suggested by the Shuowen jiezi ... (Explaining Simple Graphs and Analyzing Compound Graphs), which was written by Xu Shen ... . ... His definition of gui .. is as follows : ... "A person who has occasion to return (gui) is a ghost (gui)." ... The commentary to Shuowe’n notes several other early texts that play on this homophony."

"There have been ... attempts to explicitly compare Roman practices to cults of the dead in the modern world. The best such study is probably John Karl Evans, "The Cult of the Dead in Ancient Rome and Modern China : A Comparative Analysis," Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 25 (1985):119-51, which compares Rome to modern China."

"One passage in the Zuozhuan, the major source for the history of the Eastern Zhou ... period, mentions that even ghosts needed to be fed ... . [fn. 3 : "Zuozhuan 21:21, Mu-chou Poo, In Search of Personal Welfare (Albany : State University of New York Press, 1998), p. 55."] ...

In the book of Mozi, written during the early fourth century B.C.E. , uses ... to prove the existence of ghosts ... incidences where people ... have seen ghosts."

p. 239

"Ying Shao’s (c. 165-204) description" : "He mentions that during the year 125 C.E. ... rumor had it that there was a malicious plague ghost by the name of Youguang. ... this ghost ... caused the plague to occur year after year. The way to ward off this ghost, as Ying Shao reports in his A Penetrating Account of Manners and Customs (Fengsu tongyi), is to tie a piece of newly woven silk cloth on the doorway."

p. 240

"In the "Rhapsody on the Eastern Capital" (Dongjing fu ...) by ... Zhang Heng ..., the ritual of the Great Exorcism (dano ...) peformed at the years’ end was described ... . The main concern of the ritual was also the expulsion of the evil spirits that caused illness to the people."

p. 241

"There are great ghost lords in the country : Deng Ai, Zhong Shiji, Zhao Shan, Wang Mang, Li Ao, Du Zhou, ... etc. Some people nowadays worship Emperor Wu and King

p. 242

Wen, ... who each ... haunted people, and killed people with diseases year in and year out". {These disease-causing ghosts resemble the diseases causing spirits whom Siberian curing-shamans remonstrate with and/or combat, in the course of curing a patient.}

ghosts of __

thinking

disabilities

Wan-lian

constellation Yin-huo

roaming and exorcism, ...

the official residence

travelers

the army camp

the prisoner, ...

those who died when traveling

the unburied

the road, ...

those who died because of their constellation, ...

those who died of hasty prayers, ...

those who are afraid of people, ...

__ ghosts

two-headed

horse-riding

chariot-driving

mountain

godly

earth

mountain-peak

water

ceiling-beam

road, ...

Not-efficacious

false

the ghost of a dead __

looketh like a __

horse

fire

goose

woman {"I met with a sort of people that held women have no souls, (adding in a light manner), No more than a goose." (GF 1)}

monkey

monkey

p. 251

"ghosts ... met in the toilet one night : "the ghost was about 10 feet high, with black skin and big eyes, wearing a white dress and a flat headdress."

Another ghost ... also appears in the toilet, and is described as "having the shape of Fang Xiang (demon-expelling deity in the Great Exorcism

p. 252

ritual), with two red eyes and shining body, emerging slowly from the earth.""

"there is a giant ghost with a red nose whose name is Fuzi. His height is nine feet, and he has three faces and one eye.

They go together carrying white knives ... . They fly about in the clouds".

There is another ghost who has two heads and one body, three feet tall. They all have red eyes.

There is another ghost whose name is Daye, with three heads and one body, seven feet tall.

p. 252

"Now there are eight thousand black-bodies ghosts. [Such] ghosts are six inches tall. They clinch on the birds and fly into the water ... .

p. 253

Then there are thirty-nine thousand Barbarian ghosts of the desert. They are three inches tall, their color is red-white, and they will attach to people with the rise of the flood.

Then there are eight hundred thousand giant wet ghosts. The name of such ghosts is Heavenly Head." Their leaders ... causes the houses to catch fire with flames that cannot be extinguished."

"Now there are Eighty-nine thousand black-faced giant ghosts. The name of [such ghosts] is Red Beard, and the height is seventy feet."

p. 254

Another way is to made a reed spear and prick the creature with it ... . If you meet a ghost coming and shouting continuously at you for food, throw a white reed at it".

p. 255

The Four Luminaries will break the skeleton".

"There is also the Red-headed "ghost-killing Ghost King," a hundred thousand feet tall, who leads thirty six hundred million "ghost-killing ghosts," each carrying a red club and traveling around the world".

those who call themselves gods of __

must be __

mountains

pythons

river & seas

turtles & fish

heavenly father & earthly mother

wild cats & raccoons

generals

bears, tigres, & leopards

gentlemen

monkeys & orangutans

house

hounds, sheep, & swine

At this, he stated : "My case has been taken up by the Supreme God. The King will have no heir." ... Subsequently, a shaman saw the soul of Emperor (Wu of Jin), who said ... : "The country’s downfall began at the time when Cao Shuang and Xiahou Xuan petitioned their grievances (to the Supreme God) and were granted permission.""

p. 281

There was another tray upon which were four documents, saying, "Chan Kang will be the Registrar." After he woke up, Kang was just arriving. ...

p. 282

Hearing this, You ... asked Kang, who said, "I am a Daoist Master. After death, ... I hear I am to be the Registrar for the Lord of the Big Dipper ... !" In the ... next year, both died on the same day."