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author

title

pp.

1.

Juha Janhunen

Eurasian Shaman

17-29

2.

Juha Pentika:inen

Research on the Forgotten Paradigm

31-8

3.

Ch. M. Taksami

Shamanism, Culture, and Language

39-47

4.

Daniel Abondolo

Verbal Art of Ritual

49-63

5.

Tapani Salminen

Religious Terminology in Nenets

65-75

6.

Pe`ter Simoncsics

Nenets Poe:tic Diction

77-83

7.

Eugen Helimski

Nanasan Shamanistic Tradition

85-98

8.

Ma`rta Csepregi

Elk-Myth in Ob-Ugrian Folklore

99-120

9.

Natalya Koshkaryova

Biography of a Shaman

121-71

10.

Regina Nazarenko

Shamanic Singing and Se’ances

173-8

11.

Jelena Glavatskaya

Revived Gods

179-90

12.

Vilmos Voigt

Shamanic Vocabulary in Hungarian

191-8

13.

Risto Pulkkinen

Forest Finn Culture Revival

199-206

14.

Takako Yamada

Language and Rituals of the Ainu

207-18

16.

Kanaqluk

Way of the Analkuq

225-35

17.

Tatiana Bulgakova

Dancing Sewens

237-51

p.

language

‘shaman’

21

Mongolic

*bu:xe [:: Turkic bu:go: ‘wise’]

Turkic

*kam

Yeniseic

*sen-

H^anty

yol

Mansi

n~a:a:it

Yukaghir

*wolma-

C^ukotic

*an-

22

Tungusic

*samaa

Nanasan

*o/t

Finnic-Samic

noita [similar to the Mansi]

24

Chinese

*mywo- > wu

p.

language

‘drum’

21

Mongolic

*kece

Yeniseic

*pa:-s

Ghilyak

qhas

C^ukotic

*yar

22

Tungusic

*o:nti-po:o:

23

Samoyedic

*pe-n-kir

Ghilyak

*kas

Ainu

kaco

H^anty

ku:yo/p

Mansi

ka:yo/p

p. 32

The new Kalevala in "1849 ... replaced the (old) Kalevala of 1835 ... . The two Kalevala versions are two different books".

p. 33

"the Sami had ... epic poetry ... -- ... Fjellner’s narrative The Son of the Sun’s Courting Journey to the Land of the Giants which also appeared the same year, 1849".

p. 34

in English as translated by Bo:rje Va:ha:ma:ki in Toronto

p. 35

Laestadius ... deals with the Spaodomsla:ra or Naodtro, i.e. shamanism"

p. 36

Besides "Castre`n and Reguly ... in ... Fenno-Ugrian ... ethnography ..., a third contemporary person should be taken into consideration : Lars Levi Laestadius (1800-1861)".

p. 42

"In the 1960s ... Popov ... was then working on his books The Religious Beliefs of the Dolgans and Shamanistic Performances of the Vilyuy Region in Yakutia. Unfortunately, neither of these monographs have been published yet".

p. 43

"In Appendix I and II of this paper are some materials recorded by Popov."

"Once these men ... descended to the underworld ... until there was no way to go further without horses. Then they turned to Kiday Mahsin who forged them horses of iron ... : ... they would send him black horses with white cheeks in return.".

"The very first shaman was Tsasui, which means ‘yawn’! {the name of Hellenic god Khaos hath likewise the meaning of ‘Yawn’} He got this strange name because when he yawned the sun dimmed, since it could not bear his strength."

p. 44

Feats by the shaman C^oc^ukuus : "while in a trance he cut off his own head and put it on the shelf. When Chochukuus performed a ritual ... to heaven, people ... saw him flying in the sky. ...

p. 45

only the next evening did the shaman say to the prince : "... For men in the wedding party you should prepare bay horses with white cheeks {cf. "If you are able to bring one thousand white horses, with black ears, i will give my daughter in marriage to you" said King Gadhi [Gadhi]. Saint Ruceeka [R.cika] prayed Varuna. With the blessings of Varuna, thousand white horses with black ears came out of River Ganga." (MBh—A, Chapter 3) – "A white horse with black ears does not make a show yoked to his (the king's) chariot" (AV, Book 5, Hymn 17, Verse 15) -- "Once four hundred horses with black ears, owned by Brahmins were caught in the current of this river [Vitasta] and carried away. (MBh-U, Chapter 119, Stanza 8 )." -- S`irim-bit.ha, a son (according to Sayan.a) of Bhara-dva-ja, was (according to Yaska) likewise "endowed with black ears" (BhAI, p. 141).} to be used in the ritual and bearskins with white spots around the neck ... for the guests. For the women in the wedding party you should prepare russet cows with white spots on their breasts and four white legs. ...

p. 46

Ermines and beech-martins were running to and fro in the yurt. ...

p. 47

From that barn Iyehsit, the patron goddess of horses, flew into the sky in the shape of a white wagtail."

sisam ‘Japanese’

luca ‘Russian’

animal

is designated __

tigre (at)

‘father’ (atk)

mouse (GoHyck)

‘grandfather’ (ycx)

shrew

‘mother’s brother’s wife’ (ack)

fox (keq, xeqta, herf, plajrf)

squirrel (holkoh, lafqoR, dok)

musk-deer (voHi, mek)

spider (ask, kyvyxyf)

p.

__ Nenets

term

67

Tundra

tadyebya ‘shaman’

" "

taewari ‘shaman’s helping spirit’

69

" "

wi`q ‘hypnosis’

70

" "

sampo, "to ...escort the spirit of the deceased to the underworld"

" "

yil-to, "to shamanize to cure illness"

common

yilcy-to, "to foretell the fate ... with the help of two objects ... known as yilcya"

71

"

pyency-r ‘shaman’s drum’(cf. /pyenco/ ‘flying squirrel’)

p. 65

"The supreme god of the Nenets is ... Num, which is the same word as num ‘heaven, sky, weather’."

p. 66

"The god of the underworld is Nga ... he eventually collects every creature from earth."

p. 81

In trance, the shaman is able "to wander in the underworld".

p. 82

"The shaman, having ... gone through the phases of the trance in reverse order, ... tells his tale, just as we tell our dreams".

p. 87

"smaller se’ances consisted of incarnations of assisting spirits by the shaman. The spirits were ... summoned by the appeals and tunes produced by [the shaman] and his audience and ... start speaking through the shaman’s lips. They spoke exclusively in the form of incantations, sung to each spirit’s individual, easily

p. 88

recognisable melody. ... [The shaman’s] switch ... was signalled by the position of the fringe (s>ejmidi) of his crown : with the fringe raised, he remained himself, and with the fring lowere and covering his eyes, he underwent the spiritual transfiguration into a visitor from the supernatural world."

p. 90

"An essential feature that clearly distinguishes shamanism from any mono- or polytheistic religion consists of its being an open system of notions, images, symbols and texts, always favouring any creative innovations if these prove their efficiency. ... . ... a shaman immersed in his initiation dreams or undertaking his shamanistic journey in an altered state of consciousness ..., as well as a spirit who

p. 91

Many of the deities mentioned by scholars who visited the Nganasan between the 1920s and the 1970s ... were completely unknown to our (older) informants in the 1980s and 1990s. Some others were known but were characterised in a completely different way. [A shaman] ... would ...give information that not necessarily suggest that that this deity can always be found in a given place and can always be addressed in connection with a given issue (becoming nomadic and retiring or retraining seem to be popular also in the supernatural world)."

p. 99

"according to Ob-Ugrian mythology, the god created the elk with six legs {cf. Norse 6-legged steed Sleipnir} but in mythological times the heavenly hunter shot it and cut off its two hind legs to make it a slower runner so that man could hunt it more easily. In its death ... it became a constellation [Ursa Major]".

p. 102

"In the [Mansi] song there are two hunters ... . One is Winged Pasker ... . The word Pasker (... Paster) ... in the Konda Mansi dialect ... means ‘wolverine’ ... . In other myths, Winged Paster and Legged Paster hunt together; the winged hunter is faster and kills the elk ..., and the Paster people following the tracks of the elk find a new homeland ... . In the [Mansi] song, Winged Pasker’s companion is ‘bloody-handed-human’. ...

In the ... Khanty ... the hunter ... can be identified with the Overseer of the World ... . ... the Overseer of the World had nine wives, and one of these had a wicked father, the Prince of the Underworld".

"They may only be told after sunset, and they must not be left unfinished – once they have been started they must be told to the end."

tribal source of myth

hunter(s)

elk

Lozva Mansi

Winged Pasker; Bloody-handed-human

Sosva Mansi

Bloody-handed-mos-human

6-legged

Obdorsk H^anty

Winged Paster; Legged Paster

" "

Berezov H^anty

mos-human

" "

Konda Mansi

Winged Paster

" "

Pelym Mansi

" "

8-legged

Yugan H^anty

Qan-iki (‘Ruler-oldman’)

6-legged

tribal source of myth

hunter

elk

Irtys^ Mansi

Spirit’s son

6-legged

North Mansi

Winged Paster

Sinja H^anty

Torstor

Vah^ H^anty

3-winged hunter

Vasyug H^anty

Torum’s son

6-legged

p.

Surgut H^anti

{comparative}

112, ll. 186-7

men with a long life" {here, "cembra-cone life" is taken to imply "long life"

{C^>iu-sung Tzu "Master Red Pine (the pine tree is a symbol of long life)" (ChC&B, p. 182).

(and not, as on p. 103, "the fragility of humans", but rather their endurance)}

C^i`-son Zi^ (‘Red-Pine Master’) "was able to withstand the roasting of fire." (ChKS, p. 134)}

113, ll. 201-2

when the era of men with pine cone life"

first man Askr (‘Ash-tree’)}