"Chinese Religion in Its Historical Development"
p. 18 inhuman forms of deities, in the "Warring States" era
p. |
deity |
form |
chariot |
7 |
Kun-kun |
red-haired horned human-headed serpent |
|
his son Kou-lun = T>u-po ('Count of the Earth') |
horned 3-eyed tiger-headed 9-coiled [serpent] |
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the Sun |
[an infant] |
p. 9 -- bathed each morning by his charioteeress-mother +Hsi-ho |
|
18 |
"Lord on High" |
enormous giant |
|
Ho-po ("Count of the River") |
"great fish" |
p. 8 -- "in his chariot drawn by" turtles |
|
"Count of the Wind" |
"bird with a deer's head" |
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"Master of Thunder" |
"dragon with a man's head" |
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"Master of Rain" |
"perhaps a toad" |
funeral services
p. |
time |
event |
{comparative} |
11 |
moment of death |
a carrier of the caerimonial "vestment of the deceased climbed upon a roof and turning to the north, the region of the dead, called the soul by its infant name, crying" out thrice. |
{is the soul of the dead become thought of as having hidden amongst souls awaiting re-birth as new babies?} |
immediately afterwards |
"The eyes were closed, |
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the jaws separated as as to keep the mouth open, and |
{cf. Kemetian caerimony "opening of the mouth" for the mummy} |
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the feet tied to a stool". |
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during the following 2 days |
"Nineteen complete costumes were hung up first for the Small Exhibition, with |
{cf. 19^2 days in Chinese Jupiter-year = 1/12th Jupiter-cycle} |
|
still more for the Grand Exhibition on the following day. ... |
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On the last evening, the body was put into the coffin which was closed up ... and set in a pit at the foot of the earthen terrace in the principal room of the house". |
{cf. holes in the ground, communicating with the netherworld of the deities: Hopi sipapu; Roman mundus} |
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from the following day onward |
the deceased's offspring "used the staff of mourning to support themselves while walking." |
{cf. Kemetian gods leaning on staves} |
|
much later: procession to burial-site |
"brandishing his halberd ...," a fan-hsian, "a sorcerer who could discern evil influences and drive them away. |
{with halberd, later held by Daoist idols, cf. Teutonic battle-axe} |
|
Then came a four-wheeled cart bearing the casket wrapped in white linen and |
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followed by a banner inscribed with the dead man's name, ... |
{cf. Exodos-procession with banners inscribed with tribes' names} |
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and by a chariot loaded with victims." |
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11-12 |
upon arrival at the burial site: entities taken down into the burial vault |
p. 11 "There the coffin was taken down into the tomb ... |
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p. 12 "victims were brought, men and women first, or their substitutes, and then |
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animal sacrifices". |
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12 |
upon return of the mourners |
"the deceased become ancestor. ... The tablet bearing his name took its appointed place beside his grandfather's and opposite his father's." |
{cf. giving same names to alternate generations} |
p. 26 after-death abode of soul, by social status
status |
abode |
commonalty |
"the Yellow Springs with the Nine Darknesses", as "prisoners in the Count of Earth's dark jails" |
royalty |
"with the Lord on High" |
non-royal nobility |
"in their funerary temple, near the tomb." |
p. 27 dangers to the soul of the dead, in its travelling the world-directions -- according to the C^ao-hun ("Summons to the Soul") poe:m in the C^>u Tz>u ("Songs of the South")
p. |
direction |
peril |
27 |
east |
Giant 1000 cubits tall [cf. 100-feet-tall Lun-po giants -- p. 228] |
south |
Tattoed Brows & Blackened Teeth; vipers & pythons 100 leagues long; the 9-headed hydra |
|
west |
Moving Sands 1000 leagues wide; whirling about into the Thunder-chasm; red emmets big as elephants, & black wasps as big as gourds |
|
north |
ice-mountains, flying snow for 1000 leagues |
|
zenith |
tigers & panthers guard the 9 Gates into heaven; a 9-headed man choppeth the 9000-branch tree; |
|
28 |
[zenith] |
"Wolves ... toss men into the air ..., then cast them into the abyss, Obeying the orders of the Lord on High; and then they sleep." [Caelestial Wolf is star Sirius -- p. 227] |
nadir |
"the Count of the Earth, nine-coiled [cf. P>an-ku "Coiled Antiquity"], sharp are his horns ... and bloody his claws; ... Three eyes he has {cf. [Vaidik] Tri-ambaka} and a tiger's head, a body like a bull's." |
Henry Maspero (translated from the French by Frank A. Kierman, Jr.): Taoism and Chinese Religion. U. of MA Pr, Amherst, 1981. pp. 1-74.