"The Mythology of Modern China."
popular deities
p. |
deity |
comparative |
97 |
Sao-c^>in-nian (Old Woman Who Sweepeth Heaven Clear) |
[Aztec] besom-goddess Tlazol-teotl |
Lei-kun (Sire Thunder) -- blue, beaked, winged, talonned |
[Etruscan & Assyrian] beaked, talonned gods |
|
98 |
Tien-mu (Lightning-mother) -- holding 2 mirrors [used for entrapping evil spirits] |
[S^into] goddess Ame-no-uzume of the entrapping-mirrors |
Yu: S^ih (Rain-Master) -- clad in yellow armor, and holding gushing water-cup |
"my cup runneth over" |
|
Fen-p>o-p>o (Madame Wind) -- seated on tiger, and carrying sack containing winds |
wind-containing sack of demi-goddess En-arete (Odusseid- 10:1-76) |
|
99 |
sedan-riding dog is laughed at [referring to ridicule of dog when he sought to marry woman] in order to procure rainfall, in western Sze-c^uan |
[Aztec] Ueue-coyotl |
112 |
Kitchen-god -- white-bearded, seated on armchair [southward-wending, on sedan-chair, carrying ingots of silver -- p. 114] |
Kepheus |
Kitchen-god's wife -- feeding the 6 domestic animals |
Kassi-epeia |
|
113 |
Wood-gathering Youth |
Phoiniks |
Sir Water-carrier |
Ogugos (flood-god) the father of Phoinks |
|
118 |
C^>an-s^en T>u-ti (Long-Life Locality-God) |
|
Jui-c^>in Fu-jen (Noble Dame of Happiness) |
||
C^>uan-kun (Lord of the Bed) |
Odusseus (built his own bed - O23) |
|
C^>uan-mu (Lady of the Bed) |
Penelope (spoke of that bed to him -- O23) |
|
119 |
K>en-san-ku (Latrine-3rd-Dame) = Tzu-ku (Purple Dame) -- goddess of the latrine, of lantern-festival willow-branch (at ladle) |
Helike ("willow") |
Dame Basket |
||
Dame Broom |
[Aztec] Tlazol-teotl of goddess of besom |
|
120 |
Ts>ai-s^en -- surrounded by children gathering gifts under Cash-Tree |
st. Nicolas (Santa Claus) at Christmas-tree |
C^ao-pao T>ien-tsun (Treasurer-Discoverer Caelestial Venerable) |
||
120-1 |
Na-c^en T>ien-tsun (Treasure-Bringer Caelestial Venerable) |
|
121 |
C^ao-pao S^ih-c^e (Treasure-Discoverer Messenger) |
|
Li-s^ih Hsien-kuan (Commercial-Profit Immortal) |
||
Tsen-fu Ts>ai-s^en (Increasing Happiness Wealth-God) |
||
C^u-pao C^ao-ts>ai (Gathering-Treasure Seeking Wealth) |
||
Hsu:an-t>an C^ao Yu:an-s^uai (Dark-Mound C^ao Generalissimo) |
||
Fu-te Ts>ai-s^en (Blessed Wealth-God) = Wu-lu Ts>ai-s^en (5-Roads Wealth-God) |
||
125 |
Hen Ha Erh-c^ian (Sniffler & Snorter Generals) |
[Vaidik] Nasatya (nasa 'nose') & Dasra; [Aztec] Yaca-tecuhtli ("nose-lord") & Mix-coatl |
127 |
Mo-li S^ou -- "carried ... the monstrous Striped Sable ... which, unleashed, devoured men." [= mongoose of Ku-vera son of Vis`ravas] |
Eurustheus, born by intervention of gale (weasel) |
O23 = Odusseid- 23
p. 101 dragon-kings of the 4 Seas
dragon-king: Kuan-__ |
meaning of name: Releaser of __ |
__ Sea |
te |
Virtue |
Eastern |
li |
Goodness |
Southern |
jun |
Favor |
Western |
tse |
Generosity |
Northern |
p. 102 hillocks of the soul
hillock |
place of the soul's __ |
Hao-li |
departure to be born |
S^e-s^en |
return after death |
p. 122 offerings at annual festivals during the 12 months
day & month |
festival |
offering |
1st d. of 1st m. |
New Year's Day |
piece of cake |
2nd m. |
C^>in-min (sweeping of tombs) |
apricots |
5th d. of 5th m. |
medlars & plums |
|
[6th m.] |
Summer solstice |
green beans |
7th m. |
C^>en-huan |
new rice |
8th m. |
Mid-autumn |
Moon-cake |
9th d. of 9th m. |
chrysanthemum-bouquet |
|
10th d. of 10th m. |
crab |
|
11th m. |
Winter solstice |
blood-oranges |
pp. 129-131 mandarin-deities who are identified with northern circumpolar constellations
p. |
deity |
constellation of __ stars |
129 |
Wenc^>an Ti-c^u:n (of Tzu-t>un in northern Sze-c^uan), who underwent 17 successive lives |
6 |
130 |
K>uei-hsin standing by his leg on human-headed ao-fish (which was rescuing him drowning) |
4 |
131 |
C^u-yi ('Red Dress') = red-robed old man |
? |
pp. 132-135 deities in Wen-miao ('Temple of Literature')
p. |
deity |
establishment of title / group |
132 |
K>un-tzu Model & Exemplar for 10,000 Generations |
[p. 136 duke (A.D. 1); king (A.D. 739); duke (A.D. 1075); emperor (A.D. 1106) |
135 |
72 sages to the left |
[p. 135 modern] |
72 sages to the right |
[p. 135 modern] |
|
10 wiseacres (S^ih-c^e) |
[p. 135 A.D. 1330] |
p. 136 Confucius "even kept his rank and title through a special exception when the first Ming emperor abolished all the titles of kings, dukes, and so on, which had been bestowed upon mountains or rivers, gods of the Walls and Ditches, or officials … who had been admitted into official worship. But … on 4 December 1530, the Shih-tsung emperor stripped him of his status, giving him simply the title Perfect Sage Ancient Master" (C^ih-s^en Hsien-s^ih).
pp. 141-143 farmers' deities
p. |
deity |
of __ |
141 |
Liu the Heavenly Prince |
The 5 cereals (wheat, barley, millet, sorghum, rice) |
Hou-c^i ('Prince Millet') |
harvests |
|
Huan S^ih |
cotton |
|
Old Lady Huan |
"cotton … she is supposed only to have imported from Canton the machine for removing seeds from it" {so, the cotton-gin is older in China than Eli Whitney?} |
|
Hu-s^en |
hailfall (festival on 1st d. of 7th m.) |
|
great-king Pa-c^a (bird-beaked, bird-feeted) |
encloser, within gourd, of locusts [p. 142 amulets are distributed against locusts] |
|
142 |
1st Harvester |
|
1st Ploughman |
||
1st Dike-maker |
||
1st Canal-digger |
||
1st Builder of Watch-huts |
||
Spirits of cats |
who eat rats |
|
Spirits of tigres |
who eat feral swine |
|
143 |
Niu-wan ('Oxen's king') |
ox-stables |
Lin-c^u ('Transcendent Pig') |
pigsties |
|
Ma-t>ou Nian (' Horse-head Dame') |
silkworms, at Mulberry Avenue in Palace (of Jade Emperor) |
pp. 147-149 patron-saints of occupational guilds
p. |
guild |
patron-saint |
saint's day |
147 |
tradesmen |
God of Wealth |
2nd & 16th d.s of m. |
hotelkeepers |
God of Wealth of the 5 Roads |
||
148 |
goldsmiths |
Hua-kuan (in chair, with feet on ingot) & Tun-fan S^uo (incarnate planet of metal) |
|
jade-merchants |
Pien Ho (whose limbs were amputated) |
||
carpenters |
Lu Pan (maker of wooden falcon) |
||
makers of red & black lacquer |
the 2 wives, red & black, of Lu Pan |
13th d. of 5th m.; 21st d. of 6th m. |
|
butchers |
Fan K>uai (butcher of hound-meat); C^an Fei (butcher of pork) |
||
weavers |
God of the Shuttle |
16th d. of 9th m. |
|
gardeners |
God of Garden-Trees |
||
brush-makers |
Men T>ien (inventor of writing-brush) |
||
paper-makers |
Ts>ai Lun (inventor of paper) |
||
tailors |
Huan-ti (Yellow Emperor: inventor of caerimonial vestments) |
||
cobblers |
Sun Pin (whose toes were amputated) |
||
149 |
wine-makers |
Yi-ti (inventor of wine for Yu: the Great) |
|
distillers |
Tu K>an (discoverer of grain-alcohol) |
||
barbers |
Ancestor Lo (1st of barbers) |
13th d. of 7th m. |
|
public story-tellers |
Ts>an C^ieh (legendary inventor of writing) |
||
actors |
Yu:eh Fei |
||
prostitutes |
Kuan-yin & P>an C^in-lien (whore-widow) |
||
thieves |
Brigand Sun C^ian (in the Water Margins); Brigand C^ih (visited by Confucius) |
similes for sky-deities
p. |
the __ deity |
is like unto a __ |
comparative |
153 |
Golden Raven |
thunderbolt |
[Bon] raven-god emitting lightning from its mouth |
Jade Rabbit |
chariot-wheel |
Iksion bound onto wheel in sky |
|
157 |
[in constellation Sagittarius:] goddess & god of "the entire allotted span" of life |
tou ("bushel") |
Hemi-thea & her brother Tenes arrived in a barrel: "linked the hero to his destiny." (CDCM, s.v. Tenes") |
CDCM = Pierre Grimal: A Concise Dictionary of Classical Mythology. 1990.
pp. 154-155 Kuan-ti
p. |
feature: his __ |
description |
154 |
stature |
9 feet tall |
beard |
2 feet long |
|
face |
red as jujube |
|
eyen |
those of phoinix |
|
154-5 |
son |
carrying sigil |
155 |
squire |
carrying halberd |
pp. 159-161 San-hsin (the 3 stars)
p. 159 __-hsin ('__ Star') |
Fu- (Happiness) |
Lu- (Dignitaries) |
S^ou- (Longevity) [= Canopus, p. 160] |
his retinue |
p. 159 midgets "as buffoons and comedians" |
p. 161 children |
|
symbol |
p. 160 fluttering bats |
p. 161 deer |
p. 161 pine-tree |
food |
p. 160 grain |
p. 161 peach-fruit |
|
description |
p. 161 having enormous very high bald head |
pp. 160-161 the 3 gods, players of [Chinese] checkers {cf. [Irish] Lugh the chess-player
-- Charles Squire: Celtic Myth and Legend. 1905. (p. 85) http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/cml/cml11.htm }
p. 165 retinue of ladies-in-waiting for Pi-hsia Yu:an-c^u:n ("Princess of Multi-colored Clouds"), who is daughter of the Grand Emperor of T>ai-s^an ("Eastern Peak"): she is, indeed, the one who bestoweth children and praesideth over their delivery. She is repraesented with a special hair style made-up of three birds with their wings extended.
Lady of Good Vision |
holdeth an enormous eye in her hands, and praeserveth children from sore eyen |
Lady Who Bringeth Children |
holdeth a new-born baby in her hands |
Lady Who Promoteth the Beginning of Praegnancy |
Princess Who Mysteriously Nourisheth and Strengtheneth & Strengtheneth the Form of the Embryo |
Lady Who Speedeth Birth |
Princess Who Causeth the Rule to be Followed & Protecteth Infancy |
Lady Who Bestoweth Birth |
Princeth Who Granteth Joy & Protecteth Delivery |
Lady of Smallpox |
Princess Who Granteth Tranqullity & Kindness for Infancy |
Lady Who Guideth the Ignorant |
Princess Who Guideth & Directeth Infancy |
Lady of Suckling |
Princess Who Giveth Food & Nourisheth Infancy |
pp. 177-181 the 10 Hells & their kings [the 1st & 5th have been transposed from the antient sequence, p. 177]
p. |
Hell |
__-wan ('king') |
punishment in it for __ |
177-8 |
1st |
C^>in-kuan- |
[examination of souls at Hsieh-c^in T>ai ('Mirror-of-the-Wicked Terrace')] |
178 |
2nd |
C^>u-c^ian- |
breach of trust (dishonest go-betweens; faithless trustees; ignorant medics) |
3rd |
Sun-ti- |
betrayal of superiors by inferiors (of husbands by wives; of masters by slaves) |
|
178-9 |
4th |
Wu-kuan- |
misers (swindlers; counterfeiters; makers of false weights; movers of boundary-markers) |
179 |
5th |
Yen-lo- |
religious sin (destruction of pious books) |
6th |
Pien-c^>en- |
sacrilege (cursing heaven; destroying idols) |
|
179-80 |
7th |
T>ai-s^an c^u:n- |
violation of tombs |
180 |
8th |
P>in-ten- |
lack of filial piety |
9th |
Tu-s^ih- |
incendiaries & abortionists |
|
180-1 |
10th |
C^uan-lun- (praeliminaries for re-incarnation) |
p. 180 "Broth of Oblivion" praepared by Men-p>o Nian-nian (Dame Men) |
p. 181 K>u-c^>u-c^>iao ("Bridge of Sorrow") "over a river of vermilion-colored water" |
p. 178 "… the City of Those Who Die by Accident, Wang-ssu-ch'eng, from which there is no way out to rebirth. However, … they are allowed to come back and be reborn on earth if they have found a substitute. This is why the souls of the drowned seek to drown those who pass over rivers, the souls of the hanged to persuade all those within their reach to hang themselves, and so on."
pp. 183-186 destinations of the multiple souls of each person
p. |
The 7 p>o |
The 3 hun |
183 |
"remain with the body in the mortuary chamber, which they cannot leave because of the gate gods". |
"led away by the henchmen of the god of Walls and Ditches, whose summons warrant serves as a pass with the gate gods, begin their voyage to the underworld". |
"When the hour of death comes, … the god of Walls and Ditches" sendeth 2 emissaries [Niu-t>ou (Go-s`iras 'Ox-head') & Ma-mien (As`va-mukha 'Horse-face')] "to seize the soul and bring it before him." |
||
184 |
Niu-t>ou & Ma-mien "are obliged to get help from the soul of a living man, whose body suddenly falls into a catalepsy while the soul leaves it for some moments". |
|
"On the thirty-fifth day after death, the dead person's soul … boards the Precious Raft which is the Ship of Benevolence … from one world to the other". |
||
185 |
"On the forty-ninth day, … the soul definitely passes through the door which separates the terrestrial world from the infernal world." Then it entereth "the first of the Ten Tribunals." |
|
186 |
"On the evening … of the hundredth day," there is provided "the house where the dead person must live in the infernal plains where, with other souls, it makes up cities and towns around the palaces of the" netherworld-deities. |
p. 183 Niu-t>ou & Ma-mien "are portrayed with a man's body and the head and feet of an animal" {cf. Kentauros}
p. 186 In this world of the living, models of the mansions-to-be of the dead, together with "silver paper … representing ingots," are burned in order to convey them to the dead. {cf. the [Hina-yana] sermon by the Buddha alleging that "the [material] world is aflame".}
p. 186 "the soul … is not reborn before the twenty-eight months of mourning have passed".
p. 183 "Those who have lived virtuously are reborn … on earth as men and women; for them this is a reward, since the modern Chinese, far different from the [Jaina-s and even the Hina-yana Buddhists], who despaired at the idea of an indefinite series of lives and deaths, are happy with the idea."
p. 196 situated on summit of mt. K>un-lun: the 2 wings of the 9-storeyed "jade palace surrounded by a golden wall."
wing of palace |
right |
left |
waterway |
River of Kingfishers, flowing through wing |
Lake of Pearls, surrounding wing |
inhabitants of wing |
male Immortals |
female Immortals |
Henry Maspero (translated from the French by Frank A. Kierman, Jr.): Taoism and Chinese Religion. U. of MA Pr, Amherst, 1981. pp. 75-196.