Shaman Stories of the Tikig.ak People [Point Hope, Alaska]

pp. 14-15 origin of the sun-goddess and moon-god

p.

myth

14

"she saw Alinnaq, her brother ... who had come to make love to her. ... She went home and defecated, and she urinated ... . And she took her knife and cut her breasts off. ...

15

So Alinnaq’s sister went to the sun, and Alinnaq went to the moon."

pp. 18-19 mythic sources of whales

p.

whales

18

"He had a dream. He was on the moon. He looked down from the moon and saw the women holding up their qattaqs [ritual water pots] to be filled by Tatqim in~ua [the moon spirit]. ... That was how the women asked the moon spirit for whales. And in this dream [the dreamer] watched Tatqim in~ua drop little whales toward the women ... into their qattaqs."

19

"Umigraag.vik ... is the freshwater pond where a whale had once been magically created from the blood-stained park-hem of a uil.uataq who had been raped. [uil.uaqtaq "Woman who won’t marry." (p. 215)] The water was gathered as ice ... and ... used ... for qalqi window panes". [qalgi "Ceremonial house." (p. 214)]

pp. 21-26 epic about Ukunniq {cf. Oregon Territory myths of Transformer god ("Child of the Yellow Root", etc.), who transmuted various dangerous monsters into useful tools}

p.

event

21

overcame deadly "wedge, made from a whales jaw, used for splitting driftwood." {cf. the splitting of firewood (OS, p. 23) by Ozidi the 2nd}

22

overcame human-eating monsters by using sandals (his "boots had holes in their toes.") {Cf. Kemetian /<nh^/ sandal-strap as glyph for ‘life’}

 

"Ukunniq lay down with the woman. he slept. But after he had slept a while, the cold woke him. He looked around. ... All he saw was a ptarmigan’s wing." {with this transmutation of a living goddess into a dead ptarmigan, cf. the Kemetian tale of transmutation of living goddess into female mummy, discovered when man who had sexual intercourse with her awoke.}

23

"he started throwing rabbits into their iglus through the entrance passage, ... one rabbit hit a man and killed him."

24

"Ukunniq called down, "... Take down your pants {cf. Glaukos despoiled of armor (GM 164.j) at the death of the son of Peleus} and jump in your fire!" Then the man took his head off, and fell into the fire. {cf. "Thetis successively burned away the mortal parts of her six sons by Peleus" (GM 81.r).} ... But he had snowshoes made of copper which made that sound, and Ukunniq took them."

 

"The uil.uaqtaq’s hair killed men when she combed it."

25

"They got on the floor and fought there, man and woman. ... Ukunniq ... lost consciousness. " [I.e., the uil.uaqtaq wrestled successfully with Ukunniq {just as the heroine who refused to marry, Atalante, "wrestled Peleus ... . She is distinguished from the other athletes by the white paint used for her skin and by the fact that she wears a loincloth" (AGA, p. 151).}]

26

The son of the uil.uaqtaq (magically impraegnated by Ukunniq) was Tutuk, the "beginning" [ancestor] of Qayaqtug.unnaqtuaq.

27

"Qayaqtug.unnaqtuaq ... travels the early world "fixing things up" by destroying the monsters ... that plague it."

OS = J. P. Clark : The Ozidi Saga. Ibadan U Pr, 1977.

GM = Robert Graves : The Greek Myths. 1955.

AGA = Stephen G. Miller : Ancient Greek Athletics. Yale U Pr, 2006.

pp. 34-39 saga about Kinnaq (‘Crazy’)

p.

event

35

"dragging his kayak along with him, he chased the girl through the willows. {cf. giantess Grid’s rowan grasped by To`rr (SM)} ... He saw a lemming ..., so he took out his penis and fucked".

 

"Kinnaq saw a girl ... dancing in the middle of a lake, on the surface of the water. When he saw the girl, Kinnaq started to undress ... and dived into the water : ...

36

he was woken by the urine falling." {cf. the river of urine (pissed by daughter of Geirro,d -- TD) inundating To`rr}

37

Kinnaq’s usuk (‘penis’) extended through the river. {cf. myth of the extending of extending of Coyote’s penis through the river}

38

Kinnaq heard a woman sing : "Come up here and fuck a little." [kuyak ‘fuck’]

39

"It was an owl who’d turned into a woman and sung to Kinnaq." [nipail.uktuq ‘short-eared owl’ which "makes no noise" (fn. *)]

SM = Skaldskapar-ma`l http://www3.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/meter/ssprose.html

TD = To`rs-dra`pa http://www.nordic-life.org/nmh/thoreng.html

p. 40 "And people did laugh ... at these ... ribald comedies."

pp. 45-52 story about Qipug.aluatchiaq

p.

event

48

The caribou-boy, son of Qipug.alutchiaq by a caribou-woman, "got his antlers caught on the drying rack; it was next to the oil lamp, and he drowned in the seal oil." {Minos’s young son, while still a boy, drowned in a large household jar (GM 90.d).}

49

The caribou-woman resuscitated her caribou-son by her voluntarily entering a fire together with his body : both mother and son emerged from the ashes of the fire alive. {cf. [in the Rama-ayana] Sita’s voluntarily entering a fire : she afterwards emerged from it alive, thus establishing the legitimacy of her sons.}

50

Qipug.aluatchiaq, in his function as "a shaman", with a lemming followed "a trail that went out to the middle of the sea." There, a whale-man gave him a piece of maktak (‘whale-skin’).

51

The maktak attracted to him a whale’s jawbone.

52

In the guise of a swimming polar bear, Qipug.aluatchiaq rescued his nephew from aboard a drifting iceberg.

pp. 54-65 tale about Aninatchaq

p.

event

56, fn.

"Men had a four-day limit in shamanic trance. After that, the joureneying soul was incapable of return."

56

"(A man has four trance days, a woman six ... .)"

57

"The Itivyaaq spirits are ... out on the sea ..., where there is ... a crack in the ice ... . Now the shaman stopped at a crack in the ice ... . The woman sat down on his right, the man on his left. The shaman began drumming. ...

58

(Before a shaman started to drum, they would cover the skylight to make it dark in the iglu.)"

60

Aninatchaq took a wife; together they owned a skinboat."

61

theft by Aninatchaq of wolverine-skin owned by Anaugraq : pilferage of storage-bags by night, at Utqiag.vik

"And when Aninatchaq went out, he made himself into an eider duck.

62

Then he turned himself into a peregrine falcon ... . ...

He tried wolf-form, he tried fox and weasel."

62, fn.

"The journey to Amaaqtusuk (Cape Beaufort) takes place by spirit flight".

62

"at Kannuni ... two brothers : Qaagraq and his brother ... from the Kobuk River ... took the [wolverine-]skin and kept it."

63

At Sisualik, Aninatchaq "found a salmon carcass. ... Aninatchaq picked up the bones and made flesh grow around them. The flesh grew round the skeleton, and the fish came alive again. Aninatchaq took the fish and ... he threw it toward the Kobuk River, saying ... Go upriver to Qaagraq and his brother : be caught in their net ...!"

64

"And while he sat in the qalgi Qaagraq heard a wolverine growling." [It was the wolverine-skin.] "Qaagraq grew sick. ... And Qaagraq died."

65

"And they came to an iglu. ... There was a girl inside." She was a bitch who had been transformed into a woman. ... Finally he entered, and he slept with the woman." That bitch "trapped him. And the trap in the iglu was a human scapula, with a rib bone and a human tibia supporting it."

   

66

[quoted from WhHT, p. 257] At iglu-mound of the Itivyaaq spirits, an anatkuq (‘shaman’) "found the undersea whaling camp ... . At this camp below the ice there was a man, with the tail of a dog, and the man’s wife. The man told the anatkuq that he was going up into the air, ... so that he could change the wind to the north (needed for the whale hunt). His wife, he said, was going down into the sea to the house of the nig.g.ivik (a woman who feeds people), and she would make the sea calm. When the anatkuq went to the underground house of the Nuvuk people, he ... cleaned up this place before returning to tell his tale."

WhHT = ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, 41, pt. 2, pp. 231-283. Froelich G. Rainey : "The whale hunters of Tigara".

pp. 69-75 tale of Qaunnail.aq

p.

event

69, n.

"Qaunnail.aq originally had nine marmot siblings, two of whom were born at Tikig.aq."

76

Qaunnail.aq "put oil on his victim’s grave" by

72

"pulling himself free; ... Qaunnail.aq got his sleeve off and his arm was free."

77

"When the blind woman explores his chest, she feels a patch of marmot hair. This patch identifies Qaunnail.aq as a marmot spirit in human incarnation".

74

When it was offered to him by an old woman, "Qaunnail.aq ate ... the meat ... from the grave of someone who’d died recently. ... Then Qaunnail.aq rubbed his belly and this killed the woman."

77

"Qaunnail.aq’s final act ... is to ... wound, his Utqiag.vik wife".

pp. 90-91 spirit-trip by Aquppak [and variant, pp. 92-93]

p.

event

90

"Now these people were not people, they were carvings, which are called quluGuq; they hang from the ceiling of the qalgi ["Ceremonial house" (p. 214)]. ...

91

They went to the land of the whales. ... And all that winter, Aquppak lived as a man without consciousness, because his spirit had been taken away." ["Aquppak was crazy (kinnauraq) for an entire winter." (p. 90) – " "a bit mad" (kinnauraq, from kinnaq, "crazy")" (p. 93)]

   

92

[spirit-trip of transvection by Kattuaq, a variant of that by Aquppak] Kattuaq’s "spirit was with the puguq, which traveled a long way till it came to a big house. There were thousands and thousands of people in it, and they all had very long faces, so he knew they were whales. ... Kattuaq was still inside the whale. ... The first whaling boat they see is sideways on and the whales see right into it; they see all the men ... . The next boat looks black, very black ... . The third boat is very bright, so bright that they can’t see it well ... . ... Kattuaq ... takes the form

93

of his amulet, which is a gull, and flies back to his own body." {cf. Yo^nah ‘dove’ (instead of gull) within whale}

p. 93, fn. * "the ritual carvings quluGuqs were permanent ... . The carvings made each year and burned to release their spirits were called puguqs."

p. 97 unipkaluktuaq "a story that comes to life" is able to materialize a whale, which can then be eaten. {cf. tale about Sper Ys.irah able to materialize a calf, which can then be eaten.}

rituals & shamanism

33

"ritual butchering. The animal’s head had to be removed at the atlas vertebra to allow its soul to escape for reincarnation. ... When Iqisuaq [‘Lazy’] is lazily butchered, his soul lies trapped until a second man lifts the skull from the vertebra".

   

82

"watching while the wolf man has [sexual] intercourse with the woman initiate."

80

" "Whoever approaches the thing in the passage will be a shaman." ... Now it was the woman’s turn. She lowered her legs through the katak [iglu entrance-hole (in the floor)] and descended. And the man who sat facing the katak with the wolf head took his mask off. ... And he told the woman to get on the skin, and he lay down on her." {cf. Cheyenne ritual sexual intercourse of masked man (priest) with woman}

p. 213 "kuyak To have sexual intercourse."

p. 215 "usuk Penis." "utchuk Vagina."

souls

p. 93

"in~uusiq, "life force";

il.itqusiq, "personal soul"; and

atiq, "name""

 

"All sea mammals were though to have ... in the south ... their own "countries" (nunat). Here their souls returned for rebirth when they died."

p. 125

"After biological death, the spirit (il.itqusiq) stayed near the body for four or five days in a condition called sin~n~iktaq, "supernatural sleep." ... During or just after sin~n~iktaq, the dead traveled east beyond the Kuukpak River "toward daylight.""

p. 161

"Many times, when a person dies, the anatkuq brings back his life, and these people tell the story of what happened to them. The left the body and started ... along the lagoon and the south side of the Kuukpak river. It is all dark during this time. ... Then far to the east they see like the daylight breaking up. They hurry toward the light, but someone comes in front of them and makes them come back to life. This is the spirit of the anatkuq."

p. 125

"Tannaaluk was at Kuukpak, alone, by himself. ... A dead woman had come into the iglu.

p. 126

And when Tannaaluk entered, he brought ... quaq ("raw frozen fish"). ... And as he ate, he threw a fish to the woman. But when it hit her the fish bounced back at him, alive and writhing. ["an analogue of the fish episode crops up in Grimm’s folktales number 4, "the Boy Who Left Home to Learn What Fear Was"" (p. 127)] ... Later in the evening Tannaaluk ... grabbed the skin she was wrapped in ["This is the woman’s caribou-skin grave wrap." (fn.)] and threw it into the entrance passage. ... (... when a person dies they use a certain path ... to go upriver. ... the dead all take the same trail toward Kuukpak. They go straight through Kanigaluk. This dead woman had taken that trail ... .) ... And at first when he lay down with her Tannaaluk found her very cold, in fact, her body was frozen. ... All night he made love to her. He pulled out his penis when it started freezing inside her. But he continued all night. ... The woman came alive".

   

p. 128

A caribou hunter pushed a woman’s ghost "over toward the body. Suddenly she came alive again. Later she wanted him to be her husband because he brought her back to life."

pp. 196-197 death of Stalin

p. 196

"It was 1953, wintertime. ... the old man ... told us he’d been traveling last night. He’d been to Russia. And when

p. 197

he’ flown round for a while, he saw the Russian boss. "That’s a bad man, ... so I killed him." Next day, ... The news announcer said Stalin was dead."

Asatchaq (translated from the In~upiaq by Tukummiq; commentaries by Tom Lowenstein) : The Things That Were Said of Them. U of CA Pr, 1992.