0.

Praeface

--

pp. xxix-xxxii

V.

Spirit Power

41-57.

pp. 165-98

VI.

Shamans

58-68.

pp. 199-220

VII.

Souls, Magic, and Ritual

69-68.

pp. 221-57

A.

Index of Ethnic Names

--

pp. 270-84

"the term Twana refers to a speech community of Coast Salish Indians in the Hood Canal region of western Washington, between Puget Sound and the Olympic Peninsula".

Dabop, Quilcene, Dosewallips, Duckabush, ..., Skokomish, ..., Tahuya, Duhlelap

41.1

"When it comes to you ..., your power will sing from inside of you and work your jaws and make you talk and say things to people, whatever it wants to say".

41.2

"When the power makes you sick it is because he wants food ... . When the way is open for him to speak through you he will tell the people to get such-and-such kinds of food, ... and everybody will eat that food became that is what the power wants. You will eat it too, only it isn’t you eating, it’s that tama`namis that wants that food. ... He makes you tell what food he wants to eat." {cf. the eating of foods specific to the possessing-deity, in spirit-possession caerimonies elsewhere (whether in West Africa, in Vietnam, or wherever).}

41.3

"And your power calls by and sees you every winter. I don’t know why {perhaps because of the rule (common to many tribes of North American Indians) that myths (about animal-deities) may be recounted publicly only in the winter (when certain large and dangerous animals are hibernating)}, but tama`namis comes strong in the winter. Every winter your power will come to you and make you sick and you have to sing it and feed it and dance it".

58.1

"swa`das^ is doctor power ... . Now when a man gets swa`das^ power it is right in his body and he can use it any time. ... swa`das^ is with you all the time, right in you body ... . And you can take it out of your body and show it".

58.2

"swa`das^ ... comes to you and wants to be yours, and you get sick and a doctor finds what is the matter, and he brings your dead relative’s power to you ... . ... We call this ... doctor power from the dead".

58.3

"doctors suck ... . Some suck ... through their two fists, held like a tube ... . ... I’ve seen a Nisqually doctor ... suck ... through his pipe. It was a wooden tube about six inches long".

68.1

217

"The doctor who treats a person for this sickness sees the thing inside of him when he diagnoses. Then he pulls it out of him. ... When it is doctor tama`namis that has been shot, the doctor who is curing sees it".

68.2

"Then the doctor lays the patient down ... and sings for his own doctor power. He uses his swa`das^ like an x-ray eye, to see inside the sick person and tell what is the matter with him. Then, when he has found where the shot swa`das^ is in the patient’s body, he puts his lips over that part and

218

sucks. When it comes out in his mouth he grabs it with both hands and plunges it in a basket half full of water at his side. He holds it there and groans and sobs. He has to hold it hard or it will get away."

68.3

"When he brings the power out of the water, the doctor ... holds it ... in his two fists so it can’t get away. ... Or the doctor might give the doctor power he had taken out to the tebta`baxw (the little-earths). He’d take it out of the basket and point it toward where there were little-earths and let go of it, then motion with his hands as if he was fanning it in that direction. Finally he’d announce when the little-earth had got it. ... Then, after he throws the tama`namis ..., the doctor picks up water in his two hands ... and turns it into an icicle, and shoots it into the sick man, right at the place the swa`das^ came out. That is a sore spot. He shove the icicle in, and that heals the soreness."

68.4

219

"they used to cork a swa`das^ up in an empty bottle after they got it out of a sick person ... . Sometimes it would break the bottle and get loose."

68.5

"There’s a sad>a`da power song used in doctoring as sad>a`da ... : "a`yuwa`yu>a`yu`wa / ayhwaa ayhwaa."

220

"a sad>a`da song with Chemakum words : "oo`yioo`yii ha / qwaso`mic^ad lala.""

69.1

221

So all the doctors on the reservation tried doctoring him, two or three of them at a time ... . ... There was quite an audience at these doings. You see, a doctor is no good without qwaqwa`w>qad (audience help). His power will refuse to work. ... Well, the audience get behind the doctor and makes more noise in the singing and helps him. ... Well, the doctors used sad>a`da (messenger power) and got a soul

222

..., but every time it would turn out to be the wrong soul, not his at all."

69.2

There were lots of little-earths in that country at the head of the canal, There was a tebta`baxw village at sk>ok>o`L>, a place a short way west of dexwk>u`kw>aBs^, in a hidden cove behind a point, about half a mile from sk>allE`. It name is from kw>uL>u`d (hide, conceal)."

69.3

"The doctor’s tama`namis asked the little-earths right there at sk>allE` where the woman’s soul was. ... And that tama`namis finally caught up with her at Mats Mats, way down at the mouth of Hood Canal, where there was a little-earth village ... . ... Well, the little-earths at Mats Mats came out, and the tama`namis

223

went ashore, and found the woman’s soul already married to one of the little-earths. He found her looking for bugs in her husband’s hair ... (she’s lousing her husband). ... . ... but the sad>a`da grabbed the woman’s soul and brought it back."

72.1

227

"Now when several doctors all go together to the ghost land ..., ... sbeteda`q ... is ... the name of the powers they use. We call the doctors going together s^c>a`b, and that is also the name of the canoe arrangement they go in, made of rope. The doctors line up, single file, the length of the house, and they lay a rope on the floor in the shape of a canoe, in the center of the house. ... And each doctor has a long cane, about six feet long, called q>ewaa`c^I. Those sbeteda`q doctors work all night because it is daytime down there in the ghost land, and the ghosts sleep in the day time."

72.2

"Now to begin with they used to have a big rock ... . All the doctors would gather ... and lift up the rock. Then they would throw it down hard, ... to open the way down to the ghosts ... . And all the doctors start dancing as though they were walking through the earth. ... For a long time everyone in the house dances and sings while the doctors are going down through the earth, maybe a quarter of an hour. ...

228

Now the leader in the bow starts a song ... . And everybody joins in ..., all the doctors and the audience. And they keep this up all night."

72.3

They have met a ghost now, and the captain catches him and ... goes through the motions of holding him down. ... "That soul we’re going to look for, is it there?" The ghost says, feebly, "Yes, yes!""

72.4

"And then they come to a little slough, a creek ... . ... It is dangerous, full of worms. If you get into it, you will rot, your legs will rot, any part of you that gets into that creek. It is called k>alli`l>aqo (bad water) ... . ...

229

The ghost people put that creek there for a trap for the living people, to make them fall in and go to the ghost land."

72.5

"At his part of the trail there are berries on either side of the road ... ... They see another ghost man coming now, packing a bow and arrow."

72.6

"Now it is toward morning and the doctors rest, food is cooked; everyone eats. ... The third night they come a place supposed to be a mountain. ... The name of this place is qxq>a`dad. ... When they get over the top of the mountain, ... they get to the bottom ... .

230

... When ... got to the top you could see the wind blowing her hair straight up, the wind there at the top of the mountain."

72.7

" "Fresh tracks! ..." ... So they tell the two captured ghosts they have with them to go on and scout around for other ghosts. ... So the two ghosts go on arm in arm, whistling, going on toward the village of ghosts. ... Now it is daytime down there and the ghosts are nearly all asleep. ... In the village of the dead the dog is barking. The two ghosts with the doctors go into the village and tell the other ghosts the dog is just barking at them."

72.8

"Then they come back to the doctors ... . ... .

231

One of their ghosts tells them he will take to where the souls are. The doctors walk, sneaking, after the ghost guide, to the right house. As they go along they make a sound like k> k> k> to keep the ghosts asleep. The ghost guide takes them to the house and opens the door ... . And one of the doctors steals over, picks up the soul quietly, and strokes it ... . Then the ghost whispers, "Now the next house. There are some more in there." So they get these too."

72.9

"Now they come home quick ..., no long trip like going."

72.10

"The dead are in slkwedda`l (the ghost land). But when the ghosts die they go to sp>at>a`leb, which is on beyond the ghost country [... p>a`c^deb (go further)]. It is from there they come back to be born over again in this earth. From sp>at>a`leb they are born again

232

and look like a grandfather or uncle. ... sp>at>a`leb is where the children are, where the babies are born from."

72.11

233

"When they find the people who are missing souls ... they see if their souls are among the ones they have brought back from the ghost land."

73.1

233

"The dead people steal the souls of the living because they miss their living relatives and want to have them with them down there in aa`lqwel. ... They only do sbeteda`q in winter".

73.2

"At the beginning they throw down a big rock to break the earth, so they can get underground to aa`lqwel ... . Holding this ceremony is s^c>a`b. ... The power they use is sbeteda`q. That is power for getting souls back from the dead. ... They have to use sbeteda`q power to s^c>a`b. ... The Puget Sound people call the whole thing sptda`q, like our s^c>a`b."

73.3

234

"when they s^c>a`b ..., they come to a long ridge (speti`c^ad) at one part of the journey. The trail to aa`lqwel goes along the top of this ridge.

The trail to aa`lqwel goes along the top of this ridge.

{Likewise, in Fiji the trail of souls to the land of the dead is along a the top of a ridge.}

Here the trees along the way wave their branches about, and sing love songs (s>i`lal), and the berries jump away like grasshoppers. Elderberries are here too (L>a`lx.ad), and blue elderberries (c>iqwi`qw). All the berries fly away as if they were alive, and you can’t catch them. ... One old man who had eagle sad>a`da power used an eagle feather to tease the berries on the trail to the dead. He would stroke them with the feather to make them lie still so he could catch them."

73.4

"Doctors as sptda`q brought back a dead person from the ghost land. They brought back a really dead person, one who belonged down there. ...

235

But there were other cases of dead people, souls that belonged there, being given to women who didn’t have any children".

73.5

"Well, at sptda`q, after the ridge where berries are, they go farther and come to a stream. They build a bridge across this. Ths place where the bridge is built is qq>a`da, a tama`namis name for bridge. ... While they are on the way they meet at least one ghost (lkw>edda`), and sometimes several, each night. The ghosts keep their heads held way back and make a sound like u`>u`>u`>. When they hear or see a ghost coming the sbeteda`q people lie down and wait for him. When he comes up they catch him and throw him down. They do this easily, a ghost has no strength or fight in him. After they capture the ghost, the people in the sbeteda`q party question him. ... So after the doctors have squeezed all the information they can out of the ghost, they let him up and go on. ...

236

Well, after they cross the bridge the party comes to a gorge which leads down to the waterfront. This gorge drips water; its sides are wet. Here the doctors ... hold a long kliskwis rush mat up with their sbeteda`q canes over the whole party. This is to keep the drip off."

73.6

"Then they come to the body of water that lies on this side of the land of the ghosts. The dead live on the far side of the river. Then one of them with fog power sings for fog. ... one woman had bluejay for this power. ... While they are crossing the water the fog hides them from the dead on the other shore. Otherwise the dead might see them coming and hide the souls they are looking for."

73.7

"On the far side of the water they are crossing is the village of the dead (aa`lqwel). After they land, the sbeteda`q party run into the village and snatch up the souls they are looking for. Sometimes they pick up a strayed soul, from this world, that they didn’t know was down there. ... They don’t have much trouble from the dead. They [the dead] don’t fight, and are easy to handle."

73.8

"When they have found all the souls they are looking for, the sbeteda`q party returns to this world. They do this very quickly, there is no long return journey."

p.

conventional (Anglicized)

actual (indigenous)

271b

Chehalis

c>xe`les

271b-272a

Chemakum

c^a`bqab

272a

Chinook

c^idu`kw

Cowlitz

L>po`bes^

274b

Klallam

nexwsL>a`yem

Duwamish

dexwduwa`bes^

276b

Kwakiutl

yekwIltax.

Kyuquot

qa`yuqwatx.

279a

Quinault

kwi`nayll

Sahewamish

sehe`wabs^

279b

Satsop

c^tsa`caps^

Sechelt

ci`s^aL>

280a

Skagit

ska`dz^et

280a-b

Skokomish

sqoqoo`bes^

Skykomish

sk>i`x.wabs^

281a

Songish

yekw>a`nen

281b

Steilacoom

c^ti`lqwebabs^

Suquamish

swu`qw>abs^

282a

Swinomish

swa`debes^

283a

Tillamook

t>Ili`Bqs

Twana

tewa`duxq