Route of souls to the World of the Dead
of the dying
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behavior of the dying |
Dusun |
Iban (Writing) |
comparative |
Yucatec day-sign |
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[eyen wander unco-ordinately = "cross-eyed"] |
(p. 38) "crossroads" |
[cf. gecko, its each eye moving separately] |
Kan (its glyph: reptile-eye ?) = [Aztec] "lizard" |
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"outbreak of perspiration on the dying person" (cold sweat) |
"scorching" region |
Zaratustrian region of scorching sands (to be traversed by soul wearing boots) |
"fire-spirit" (in Book of C^ilam Balam) |
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"land of perpetual banquet" |
["food" (in Psalm 34 & 111)] |
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"At this point a dying person will appear to be clutching at flowers and fruits." |
"flowers or fruit" |
p. 24 (# 20.c) durian flowers; (# 20.d) durian fruit |
Manik (its glyph: hand-gesticulating) |
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"The stricken person now seems to be trying to kick a flying ball". |
"ball game" |
p. 25 (# 22.1) Bujan Agan Gemurai, hero of head-hunting |
Popol Vuh: ball-game in the netherworld, divine rabbit stole the ball, which was a human head |
Lamat = [Aztec] "rabbit" |
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"banana grove" |
(# 23.1) wild-banana tree |
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"old, deaf woman ... surrounded by ... noisy chicks" |
p. 26 (# 24.3) "Yapping, ... as of young ... puppies" |
Oc "coyote" |
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"cooking the food for the souls, who, during the day, fashioned the boat which was to transport forty of them -- no more, no less -- ... to the further bank." |
p. 27 (# 26.2) "taboo food" |
Persian Simurg "40 birds" |
BORNEO RESEARCH COUNCIL MONOGRAPH SERIES, Vol. 4 = Eva Maria Kershaw: A Study of Brunei Dusun Religion. Borneo Research Council, 2000.
BIJDRAGEN TOT DE TAAL-, LAND-, EN VOLKENKUNDE, Deel 121. 's-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhoff, 1965. pp. 1-57 Tom Harrisson: "Borneo Writing."
of the dead
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Konyak |
Ao |
Sema |
Angami |
Meitei |
Toda |
Saribas, etc. |
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p. 165 "place for washing feet" |
p. 189 "bathing place" |
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"regret at the sorrow of separation" hill |
["last, mournful glance at the longhouse": Punan, p. 150] |
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p. 228 cross stream Lungritsu: |
cross the steam Lai-Khong |
p. 398 cross the "Avalache" river |
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Thongak "the main gate of the land of death" |
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refresh themselves in one of 2 pots (1 for adults) |
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p. 229 must hurl spear at tree |
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Moyotsung, judge of the spear-hurling |
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p. 94 fork in road |
division of paths |
divergence of paths |
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convergence of paths |
though all reach the same goal |
p. 399 convergence of paths at "hot knock stone": lose all love for world of the living |
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lose all diseases |
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men make incision on main-tree with knife; women pound with mortar |
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thread-bridge, whence some fall off, bitten by leeches |
p. 190 shrinking "Bridge of Fear" |
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see grave-goods |
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"Earthen Door" or Worm Goddess Bunsu Belut [taleb "gate": Kelabit, p. 279] |
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voyage by boat [to sea; through "tunnel of darkness": Punan, p. 150] |
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p. 212 praecipice |
p. 186 descent, via rope, to a cave |
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resist being devoured by Kolavo [p. 244 merely praetend to bite her lice] |
struggle with Metsimo (= Pekujikhe of the Memi on p. 182, fn. 2) |
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pp. 227-8 line of white rock "girls-cloths-drying", "a collection of dead men's cloths laid out to dry by their dead girl friends" |
[Rungus, p. 76: "Washing of the Bedclothes of the Members of the Household of the Deceased."] |
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p. 191 undergo 7 lives |
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become mist, to condense into dew {cf. "dew of lights" in Bible} |
Christoph von Fu:rer-Haimendorf: The Konyak Nagas. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
J. P.Mills: The Ao Nagas. Macmillan & Co., London, 1926.
J. H. Hutton: The Sema Nagas. Macmillan & Co., London, 1921.
J. H. Hutton: The Angami Nagas. Macmillan & Co., London, 1921.
N. Vijaylakshmi Brara: Politics, Society and Cosmology in India's North East. Oxford U. Pr, 1998. [the Meitei of Manipur]
W. H. R. Rivers: The Todas. Macmillan & Co., London, 1906.
BORNEO RESEARCH COUNCIL MONOGRAPH SERIES, Vol. 7 = William D. Wilder (ed.): Journeys of the Soul. Borneo Research Council, 2003.
2. George N. Appell & Laura W. R. Appell: "Death among the Rungus Momogun of Sabah, Malaysia".
3. Ida Nicolaisen: "Mortuary Rituals among the Punan Bah of Central Borneo".
4. Clifford Sather: "Saribas Iban Death Rituals".
5. "Death among the Kelabit."
differences in afterdeath-journey by shamans ([Iban] manang, [Rungus] bobolizan) from that by non-shamans (for the Kayan, differences in afterdeath-journey by aristocrats from that by commoners)
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(Seeds, p. 37) musical "sound may guide the manang's soul, which is though to travel upriver in death, rather than downriver, the direction taken by the souls of the ordinary dead" |
{the music is that needed to be experienced while living in order to attain these benefits after death, in Pythagorean & Radha-Swamin mysteries} {"upstream"-movement practiced in yoga} |
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sumpit (blowgun) "acts as a bridge [more accurately, a tunnel], extending from the human world to Mount Rabung." [Kayan, p. 314: funeral for aristocrats: "a tube out of sixteen sections of bamboo ...; this was called 'the bamboos for peeping' (bulu awang) with which the deceased could see the living."] |
Kic^e` (in Popol Vuh): Hun C^uen & Hun Batz within blowgun in S^ibalba [buluh "bamboo"-plant: Saribas, p. 206] {in Sumerian tombs, a tube was implanted in buried corpse's mouth, extending to the surface in order to serve liquor to the dead} |
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p. 112 is taught sabak-song by Bunsu Bubut [Worm Goddess] |
{Eskimo shaman's visionary encounter with praeternatural worms} |
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traversing "flower garden" while wearing "blinder charm" given by Entawai ["bat"] |
Kic^e`: Cama-zotz ("deadly bat") [bats pollinate night-blooming cactus] |
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p. 130 casting the PUA> net [mio-soul (of skull) is caught in net: Konyak, p.94] {cf. nets obstructing flight to Daoist heavens; vis-a-vis Norse skull as sky} |
Hawai'i: PUA is the goddess who re-assembleth the parts of a dismembered soul of the dead [Nightbird, p. 111: ritual to gather, by tinkling bells, the scattered souls of an individual] {Kayan, p. 300: re-assembling as beads (threaded together) -- cf. [western Han dynasty] suit of pierced-jade scales, threaded-together, worn by corpse of aristocrats} |
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(Kayan, p. 314) briefing to dead aristocrats: "these swimming boars will carry your load. The young kingfisher will fly ahead of you and announce your impending arrival ... Likewise the squirrel". -- (loc. cit., fn. 32:) "The Uma Daro' section ... substituted a tarsier (hiko) for the squirrel." |
{is BRAN ("squirrel" in Kayan) cognate with [Irish] name of goddess BRAN-wen ?} {is HiKO cognate with [Kemetian] goddess-name H.Q "magic" = [<arabic] H.Q "truth" ?} |
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(Rungus, p. 62) "when the soul of a bobolizan arrives at Nabalu, all the resident souls capture it and put it in a pigsty for seven days ..." |
cognate with [German] NieBeLUng, this NaBaLU for a bobolizan would be distinct from the mist which the ordinary dead become (according to the Saribas) {the pigsty is that of the sorceress Kirke in the Odusseis} [the 7 days for the shaman's soul being distinct from the 7 soul's nights' stay in the longhouse (Punan, p. 147)] |
{with the Lhota visiting in dreams of the "Cave of the Dead", for shamanic praescience -- cf. sleep by "Cave of the Numphai" on Ithake by Odusseus}
THE BORNEO CLASSICS SERIES, Vol. 5 = Clifford Sather: Seeds of Play, Words of Power: an Ethnographic Study of Iban Shamanic Chants. Tun Jugah Foundation, 2001.
VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE, 180 = Je'ro^me Rousseau: Kayan Religion. KITLV Pr, Leiden, 1998.
Carol Rubenstein: The Nightbird Sings: Chants & Songs of Sarawak Dayaks. Stenhouse, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire, Scotland: Tynron Pr, 1990.